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Experimental Psychology > Week 9-13 > Flashcards

Week 9-13 Flashcards

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1
Q

What non-parametric test do you use for independent samples?

A

Mann-Whitney U test =Z

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2
Q

What non-parametric test do you use for independent samples?

A

Mann-Whitney U test

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3
Q

What non-parametric test do you use for paired samples?

A

Wilcoxon-Rank Sum

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4
Q

What non-parametric test do you use for a one way ANOVA?

A

Kruskal-Wallis test

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5
Q

What non-parametric test do you use for a repeated measures ANOVA?

A

Firedman’s test

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6
Q

What non-parametric test do you use for a mixed factorial ANOVA?

A

There is currently no know test for this design

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7
Q

What non-parametric test do you use for paired samples?

A

Wilcoxon-Rank Sum =Z

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8
Q

What non-parametric test do you use for a one way ANOVA?

A

Kruskal-Wallis test =H

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9
Q

What non-parametric test do you use for a repeated measures ANOVA?

A

Firedman’s test X2f

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10
Q

What non-parametric test do you use for a mixed factorial ANOVA?

A

There is currently no know test for this design

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11
Q

What two reasons would make you use a non-parametric test?

A

When you have ordinal or nominal data,

When your data is not normally distributed

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12
Q

What do you need to calculate effect size?

A

desired alpha, desired effect size, level of Power

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13
Q

Can the statistics of effect size and power be applied to all statistical tests that involve significance testing processes?

A

Yes

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14
Q

Is there ALWAYS a chance of us as researchers making an error?

A

yes always.

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15
Q

1 - a is the ____ ?

A

probability of you being right

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16
Q

Beta is the ___ ?

A

probability that you incorrectly retained the null hypothesis

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17
Q

Historically, what type of error was ignored ?

A

Type II error

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18
Q

The chance of not finding a difference even though one is really there is? (you said there was no difference, but there there really was)

A

A type II error

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19
Q

What is beta normally estimated to be?

A

.2 (20%)

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20
Q

What is power?

A

The probability that a statistical test will correctly reject the false null hypothesis (1 - b)

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21
Q

Do we want power to be big or small?

A

big as possible

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22
Q

Are 1 - a and 1 - b related?

A

Yes

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23
Q

What affects power? (4 things)

A

a -alpha, The alternative hypothesis, Sample size, population variance,

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24
Q

What two ways can you increase your power in a study?

A

A larger sample size, and less variance between the sample and the population

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25
Q

The measure of how big the effect that we’re measuring actually is, is?

A

Effect size

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26
Q

Does effect size take into account the number of people in your study?

A

Nope

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27
Q

Increasing your standard deviation (decreases/increases) your d (effect size) and increase in the difference between group one and two (decreases/increases) your effect size?

A

Decreases; Increases

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28
Q

Can you estimate the effect size before a study is conducted?

A

Yes (because if we estimate effect size, we can also estimate power)

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29
Q

Looking at prior research, Personal assessment, and use existing conventions, are all ways to estimate ___ ?

A

Effect size

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30
Q

Partial eta squared is the effect size reported when you have ___ ___ 1 IV

A

More than

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31
Q

What is the universally accepted power estimate needed in a study?

A

80%

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32
Q

Statistical ___ is the likelihood that the research study will detect an effect in a sample when one exists in reality?

A

power

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33
Q

___ Analysis is used during the planning stage of a research project?

A

POWER

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34
Q

What three components do you need to estimate required sample size?

A

Alpha level you wish to use; level of power you wish the study to have; the likely Effect Size

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35
Q

What is more powerful, a parametric or non-parametric test (which is also more likely to detect a difference if there is actually one there)?

A

Parametric tests, (Non-parametric tests also have less precision)

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36
Q

When you have a very very small sample size, should you use a non-parametric test, or a parametric test?

A

Non-parametric test

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37
Q

Is naturalistic observation High-Constraint or Low-Constraint?

A

Low-Constraint

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38
Q

Is Archival research High-Constraint or Low-Constraint?

A

Low-Constraint

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39
Q

Are Case studies High-Constraint or Low-Constraint?

A

Low-Constraint

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40
Q

Are surveys High-Constraint or Low-Constraint?

A

High-Constraint

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41
Q

Are program evaluations High-Constraint or Low-Constraint?

A

High-Constraint

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42
Q

Are field experiments High-Constraint or Low-Constraint?

A

High-Constraint

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43
Q

The Observation and systematic recording of naturally occurring events is called?

A

Naturalistic Observation

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44
Q

Cohen’s ___ is the measure of agreement among rater’s in the measures of observational research

A

Kappa

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45
Q

Cohen’s Kappa over (.20, .50, .70, .90) is a generally suitable level of agreement

A

.70

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46
Q

Cohen’s Kappa is commonly used to calculate inter-___ ____

A

inter-related reliablility

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47
Q

Cohen’s Kappa is ranged from 0 - _?

A

1

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48
Q

What type of research is more constrained. Case studies or naturalistic observation?

A

Case Studies

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49
Q

Can you test hypotheses in case studies?

A

Nope

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50
Q

Time sampling, Event sampling, and Trait Ratings are all techniques of ___ ___ techniques

A

Structured Observational Techniques

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51
Q

Time sampling, ___ sampling, and Trait Ratings are all techniques of Structured Observational techniques

A

Event Sampling

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52
Q

Time sampling, Event sampling, and ___ Ratings are all techniques of Structured Observational techniques

A

Trait Ratings

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53
Q

In multiple baseline across participants techniques: ___ is a term used when they introduce the IV at different times for different people

A

Staggering

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54
Q

Explain what the a and b stand for in a reversal design of ABA design?

A

A = baseline measure, B = the introduction or reintroduction of a IV

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55
Q

What two types of Single-Case Research Designs are there?

A

Reversal designs and Multiple-Baseline Designs

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56
Q

The elimination of ___ ___ is a positive advantage of single-case research designs

A

Error Variance

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57
Q

What type of design is conceptualised as a “within-subjects repeated measures design of only one participant” ?

A

A single-case Experimental Design

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58
Q

Responsibility to ensure the ___ and dignity of the individuals who participate in research studies; and the responsibility to ensure the ___ reports of research are accurate and honest are the two categories of ethical responsibiltiy

A

Welfare; public

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59
Q

Responsibility to ensure the ___ and dignity of the individuals who participate in research studies; and the responsibility to ensure the ___ reports of research are accurate and honest are the two categories of ethical responsibiltiy

A

Welfare; public

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60
Q

Responsibility to ensure the ___ and dignity of the individuals who participate in research studies; and the responsibility to ensure the ___ reports of research are accurate and honest are the two categories of ethical responsibiltiy

A

Welfare; public

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61
Q

The ____ code is a set of 10 ethical guidelines for treatment of participants in research that was created in 1947

A

Nuremberg Code

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62
Q

In 1964 the Declaration of _____ was established as guidelines for medial research involving humans

A

Helsinki

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63
Q

University of Canberra _____ for Responsible Practice in Research

A

Guidelines

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64
Q

University of Canberra Guidelines for Responsible _____ in Research

A

Practice

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65
Q
  • Avoid Harm
  • Informed Consent
  • Deception
  • Privacy and ______
  • Institutional Approval
  • _____
  • Record Keeping
  • Inducements for Participating in Research
  • Debriefing
A

Confidentiality; Competence

66
Q
  • Avoid Harm
  • Informed Consent
  • Deception
  • Privacy and Confidentiality
  • Institutional Approval
  • Competence
  • _____ Keeping
  • Inducements for Participating in Research
  • _______
A

Record;Debriefing

67
Q
  • Avoid ____
  • Informed Consent
  • Deception
  • Privacy and Confidentiality
  • Institutional Approval
  • Competence
  • Record Keeping
  • _____ for Participating in Research
  • Debriefing
A

Harm;Inducements

68
Q

Researchers must not ___ participants, either physically or psychologically

A

Harm

69
Q

Particularly with harm, participants must be informed of the ___

A

Risks

70
Q

Psychological harm can be created in the study you conduct but also self-____ by the participant

A

generated

71
Q

A ____ ____ sheet is usually filled out before prospective participants are involved in a study

A

Participant information sheet

72
Q

Telling participants at the end of a study the complete complete explanation and justification of the research is called ____

A

Debriefing

73
Q

A ___ ___ sheet and ____ are used in every research study

A

participant sheet and debriefing

74
Q

Clinicians have a responsibility to provide the best possible treatment for their patients; this is known as Clinical ____

A

Equipoise

75
Q

Clinical Equipoise is the responsibility to provide ….

A

The best possible treatment for their patients

76
Q

it is ethically irresponsible to compare two treatments in a research study where one is known to be less effective; this refers to clinical _____

A

equipoise

77
Q

The idea that it is sometimes difficult to provide complete information is known as the problem of ____

A

Infomation

78
Q

The problem of _____, problem of ____ and problem of _____ participation are all components to think about when thinking of informed consent

A

Information; Understanding; Voluntary

79
Q

If the goal of the research is to study ‘normal behaviour’, often _____ is used

A

deception

80
Q

___ deception involves withholding information from the participants

A

Passive

81
Q

____ Deception involves presenting false or misleading information to participants

A

Active

82
Q

Is active or passive deception more common

A

Passive

83
Q

If deception is used, it needs to be ____

A

Justified

84
Q

After deception is used, _____ ALWAYS needs to occur

A

Debriefing

85
Q

information obtained from a research participant will be kept secret and private is known as _____

A

Confidentiality

86
Q

What is a mainstay of ethical research?

A

Confidentiality

87
Q

What supports continued research by continuing trust?

A

Confidentiality

88
Q

Making participants identified by a code number is known as ____

A

Anonymity

89
Q

All research projects conducted in organisations need to be reviewed by an ___ ___ Board

A

Institutional Review

90
Q

Researchers have appropriate training and experience conduct a study is the ethical issue of _____

A

Competence

91
Q

What are the two big issues in Scientific Intergrity?

A

Fraud and Plagiarism

92
Q

The explicit effort of a researcher to falsify and misrepresent data is known as ____

A

Fraud

93
Q

Usually involves creating data or changing it to support a hypothesis; this is known as ____

A

Fraud

94
Q

Is fraud different from error?

A

Yes of course

95
Q

____ occurs because of Competition within academia

A

Fraud

96
Q

The result of an existing bias towards publication of significant findings is ____

A

Fraud

97
Q

What are the safeguards against fraud?

A

Replication and Peer Review

98
Q

____ and ____ review are the safeguards against fraud

A

Replication; Peer

99
Q

1 - a is the chance that you are ____

A

Right/Correct

100
Q

1 - b is the probability of you ……

A

correctly retaining the null hypothesis

101
Q

Power is …

A

the probability that a statistical test will CORRECTLY reject a null hypothesis

102
Q

What affects power?

A

Alpha, the alternative hypothesis, (how big the difference between u0 and u1), sample size, and population variance

103
Q

Alpha, the alternative hypothesis, (how big the difference between u0 and u1), sample size, and population variance affect ____

A

power

104
Q

If we are looking for a really big difference, it is normally ___ to find

A

easier

105
Q

The larger the difference between the null and alternative hypothesis the larger the ____

A

power

106
Q

If we change our number of participants, or the population variance, we change _____

A

power

107
Q

if you increase your standard deviation, you decrease your ___ ___

A

effect size

108
Q

___ ___ is not affected by N

A

effect size

109
Q

How can we estimate effect size before a study? (3 things)

A

Prior research, Personal Assessment, existing conventions

110
Q

It is possible to calculate the sample size required in order to have a specific ___ level

A

power

111
Q

What do you need to know to estimate the required sample size?

A

Alpha level, Level of power you wish to achieve, the relevant effect size

112
Q

What is the difference between A priori power and Retrospective power

A

A priori is estimate before, Retrospective is after

113
Q

What is a good economical/logistical reason for estimating power?

A

It can help you optimise your sample size and not waste time or effort trying to get to many people

114
Q

No strict distribution assumptions; wider range or variable type can be used (nominal, ordinal); simpler calculations are the advantages for ….

A

non-parametric tests

115
Q

You are less likely to find a difference in a …. than a ….

A

Non-parametric test; parametric test

116
Q

There is loss of precision in a ….

A

non-parametric tests

117
Q

Is there a non-parametric test to test interactions?

A

no

118
Q

The ___-___ _ non-parametric test ranks all the values, then compares ranks between the two groups)

A

Mann-Whitney U

119
Q

The absolute difference between the scores for each individual are calculated, and then these values are ranked. The sum of all the negative and positive ranks is calculated separately and evaluated against a table of critical values: this process is used in what calculation?

A

Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test

120
Q

All data is ranked from lowest to highest (ignoring groups). Ranks for the different groups are then seperated and summed. A value (H) is then calculated representing how big the differences between the groups are. This value is compared against the Chi-square distribution

A

Kruskal-Wallis test

121
Q

What is the non-parametric test for a one way ANOVA? also what would you use to follow it up?

A

A Kruskal-Wallis test, and post hoc tests of Mann-Whitney U with the Bonferonni Correction

122
Q

The value for each individual are ranked. These ranks are then compared summed for each sample, and compared against the chi distribution

A

A Friedman’s Test

123
Q

A way of measuring the degree of agreement among raters - the value is a score representing how much consensus there is between the ratings of different judgements. This is known as?

A

Inter-rater reliability

124
Q

Data obtained reflects behaviours in the participant’s natural environment; Allows collection of data where experimental techniques are unethical or impractical; and Allows collection of a large amount of data of a whole variety of behaviours are the three advantages of _____ ____

A

Naturalistic observation

125
Q

“Obtaining informed consent, would defeat the purpose of _____ _____”

A

naturalistic observation

126
Q

Allows collection of a large amount of data for a small group of people; Allows researches to study rare behaviours or disorders; and allows researchers to investigate complex issues. These are the advantages of what type of low constraint research?

A

Case study research

127
Q

Inability to test hypotheses; Inability to draw conclusions about causality; and inability to generalise findings are the three disadvantages of what type of low-constraint research method?

A

Case study research

128
Q

A vast amount of archival data is available; Data exists in a variety of forms; Data covers a vast range of different behaviours and issues; Often economical! are the 4 advantages of what type of low-constraint research method

A

Archival Measures

129
Q

Researcher has no control of data collection processes; Selective deposit; selective survival; and high probability of missing data; are the disadvantages of what type of low constraint research method?

A

Archival Measures

130
Q

Problem statements and hypothesis testing evolves in ___-Constriaint research methods

A

Low-Constraint

131
Q

Data gathering process is less formal and more fluid in ___-constraint research methods

A

Low-constraint

132
Q

When using low constraint research methods you can only generalise your findings to similar ____ ?

A

samples

133
Q

When evaluating low constraint research data you first need to go home and ____ it

A

Code

134
Q

Poor representativeness; Poor replicability; Causal inference; limitations of the observer; going beyond the data; are all limitations of what type of research methods?

A

Low-Constraint Research Methods

135
Q

What are the two types of Single-Case designs?

A

Multiple base lines design; reversal design

136
Q

What are the sub-types of the Multiple-Baseline design?

A

Multiple baselines across participants ; Multiple baselines across behaviours; Multiple baselines across situations

137
Q

A stable _____, only introduce one ____ at a time, and stable ____ with IV are the methodological considerations of what type of single-case design?

A

baseline; IV; behaviour; Multiple-Baselines

138
Q

Difficulties with generalizability and external validity; Poor experimental control; Intensive for subject; Observational issues; these are all the disadvantages of what type of design?

A

Single-Case Designs

139
Q

Structured ____ techniques are those that use a clearly defined system for recording behaviour

A

observation

140
Q

____ sampling; ____ sampling; and ____ ratings are the three common structured observational techniques

A

Time; Event; Trait

141
Q

A record of a pre determined length of time is called ___ sampling

A

Time

142
Q

A record of every time a particular behaviour occurs is called _____ sampling

A

Event

143
Q

Use of a rating scale to indicate how well a behavioural description reflects the behaviour of an individual is called ____ ratings

A

Trait

144
Q

The use of ______ is used to convey what a study was about, minimise any negative effect, convey the objective of the research, and explain the nature and justify and deception used, and answer any questions the participant might have.

A

Debriefing

145
Q

Clinical equipoise is under the subheading of which ethical consideration?

A

Avoid Harm

146
Q

Is power and effect size related?

A

Yes

147
Q

What does effect size not take into account?

A

Sample size

148
Q

The likelihood that the research study will detect an effect in a sample when one exists in reality is called ___ ____

A

statistical power

149
Q

Cohens d small medium and large are?

A

.20; .50; .80;

150
Q

Cohens f small medium and large are?

A

.1; .25; .40

151
Q

Cohens eta squared small medium and large are?

A

.01; .06; .14

152
Q

The exact significance value in non parametric tests is given when samples are normally under ___ people

A

20

153
Q

What is the name of the difference between the sample data and population data?

A

Sampling Error

154
Q

_____ _____ is the difference between the parameter and the statistic

A

sampling error

155
Q

Will probability or non-probability probably lead to larger sampling error?

A

non-probability (non-random)

156
Q

What is the standard error?

A

It is the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of a statistic

157
Q

Confidence Intervals provide an _____ estimate of a parameter ( a range in which the parameter is likely to fall)

A

interval

158
Q

A z score is also called a _____ score

A

Standardised

159
Q

MS____ is the pooled sample variance,

A

error

160
Q

MS_____ is the variance of sample means

A

treatment

Experimental Psychology (2 decks)

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