Weeks 1-6 Flashcards

Antiquity

1
Q
  • Creation, Adam and Eve, the Fall
  • Cain and Abel (offerings, brother murder)
  • Noah, the Flood and the Covenant (rainbow)
  • The Tower of Babel (tower to the heavens, languages confused)
  • The Call of Abraham; Covenant of Circumcision; given Isaac
  • Abraham Pleads for Sodom and Gomorrah; destroyed wicked people; Daughters sleep w Lot
  • Birth of Isaac; Hagaar/Ishmael sent away (Islam origins); sacrifice of Isaac test
  • Joseph; dreams; slavery; Potiphar’s wife; jail dreams; famine; Joseph in charge; brothers return for food; silver cup; reveal and reunion
A

Hebrew Bible (The Old Testament): selections from Genesis

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2
Q
  • Israel increases greatly in Egypt
  • Pharaoh oppresses Israel
  • Birth of Moses; basket in the Nile; Burning Bush; I am who I Am
  • Moses’ staff into a serpent (miracle); Aaron to help speak
  • Passover; lamb blood on doors; firstborn Egyptian sons killed
  • Exodus from Egypt – Moses leads
  • Mount Sinai; 10 commandments (rules); fear of God to keep from sinning
  • Idols and Altars; Golden Calf to worship; plague because of Aaron’s calf
  • New Covenant (Jewish rules); Moses radiant face
A

Hebrew Bible (The Old Testament): selections from Exodus

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3
Q

Origins of the Greek gods; Prometheus (eagle eats liver, trickster) and origins of Greek sacrifices; Zeus punishes humanity by stealing fire; Pandora as wicked punishment - Zeus inescapable wrath

A

Theogony, Hesiod (ca. 700BCE)

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4
Q

Origins of humanity; fuller description of Pandora creation; Zeus’ power/strife (one incites war/division, other fosters competition/hard work for benefit of man); pandora creation and jar (releases evil into mankind); no way to evade mind of Zeus

A

Works and Days, Hesiod (ca. 700BCE)

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5
Q
  • The Beginning: Rome’s origins tied to myth: Romulus/Remus twins raised by she-wolf, founded city in 753BCE, Romulus becomes first king after killing Remus &established Roman institutions
  • Fall of the Monarchy: Lucretia raped by Sextus, killed herself out of guilt, monarchy ended w tyranny of last king Tarquinius Superbus (son’s assault on Lucretia sparked outrage, leading to expulsion of Tarquins in 509 BCE); Rome transitioned to republic w consuls as leaders
  • Heroes of the Republic: Horatius Cocles (defended the bridge against the Etrsucans,; self-sacrifice by holding enemy, roman valor) Gaius Mucius (during Etruscan war, Mucius attempted to assassinate King Porsena, killed scribe by mistake; captured burned left hand in fire “Scaevola,” Porsena impressed so he released Mucius & sought peace w Rome) Cloelia (Roman maiden taken hostage by Porsena, escaped by swimming across river w other hostages, Porsena allowed her to choose half of remaining hostages to free – chose men)
A

The History of Rome, Livy (ca. 17CE)

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6
Q

The History of the Persian Wars

A

Herodotus (430BCE)

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7
Q

The Peloponnesian wars

A

Thucydides (ca. 404 BCE)

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8
Q
  • Virtue = knowing
  • Apology - Socrates on Trial (Soc defends himself against accusations of corrupting youth/impiety; argues he’s not guilty & asserts that questioning/challenging authority is essential for truth/virtue; sentenced anyways to death by poison)
  • Phaedo - Dualism of Body and Soul (emphasizes separation between body/soul; argues that soul is immortal and exists independently of the body; body is temporary prison for the soul, which is concerned w higher truths/intellectual pursuits)
  • Phaedo – Death of Socrates (Socrates’ final moment; remains composed as he faces execution; discusses immortality of soul and Socrates’ readiness for death, believing death frees the soul to attain true knowledge)
  • The Republic – Allegory of the Cave (illustrates how most people live in ignorance, perceiving only shadows of the truth; like a prisoner freed from the cave, sees the world as it truly is/must return to help others achieve enlightenment)
  • The Republic – Theory of Ideas (proposes that the material world is only a shadow of higher, eternal reality or perfect “Ideas”; Ideas are abstract/perfect concepts like beauty, justice, goodness – exist beyond physical world; true knowledge is knowledge of the Forms, not the material world)
A

Plato (399-348 BCE)

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9
Q

Defining virtue and vice; final cause for humans is Happiness (thinking/acting virtuously); virtue = doing; virtue = middle between two extremes of excess & deficiency (mean); prudence = applied wisdom; practical knowledge (knowing how to find the “mean” in each situation) – “courage of a man is shown in commanding, while in a woman it is in obeying”, friendship essential

A

The Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle (350 BCE)

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10
Q

emphasizes importance on the POLIS in enabling humans to flourish; offers pragmatic analysis of governance and citizenship

A

The Politics, Aristotle (ca. 350 BCE)

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11
Q

semen is potent, women have menstrual fluid not semen, women provides the body (the material), men provide semen (the form), tries to explain reproduction, theory of soul: animals have different types of souls based on complexity, humans have rational soul for intellect/reason, females mature first (weaker/colder by nature), females die first (due to weakness and coldness, female state as “deformity”, only men supply seed for conception ; misogyny

A

On the Generation of Animals, Aristotle (ca. 350 BCE)

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12
Q

slavery as natural institution/necessary part of society; soul rules the body w authority of a master; male sex is superior (therefore they rule over women); slaves as non-rational; slavery as mutually beneficial (each person fulfilled role according to their nature); slaves better off serving masters as they can’t serve themselves; not all slavery natural (people need to be enslaved because of “natural” inferiority, not war/force)

A

“On Slavery”, Aristotle (ca. 350 BCE)

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13
Q

explanation of how the Romans, not the Greeks, came to dominate the world through political stability/balanced governance; Why Romans rule the world and not Greeks

A

The Histories, Polybius (117 BCE)

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14
Q

Lucius Catiline – ambitious/morally corrupt Roman senator; highlights decay of Roman virtue due to greed/luxury, which ___ sees as root of Catiline’s rebellion; conspiracy as broader symptom of Rome’s inevitable decline

A

“Catiline’s Conspiracy”, Sallust (54BCE)

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15
Q
  • Natural law as foundation of human governance; true laws are based on reason & universal nature, transcending human-made laws
  • Natural law is linked to divine will; just laws are a reflection of a higher, divine order
  • Laws should promote virtue/moral living, aligning w common good
  • Insight into ___ vision of an ideal state where law serves as a moral guide
A

On Laws, Cicero (43 BCE)

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16
Q

There’s no afterlife; fear of death is irrational; death is natural and inevitable; fearing death causes unnecessary suffering in life; death as a natural conclusion rather than punishment

A

On the Nature of Things, Lucretius (ca. 55BCE)

17
Q
  • on Augustus’ New Empire
  • describes a system where power is centralized under the emperor but structured to balance the needs of various societal classes – this is “true democracy” contrasting it w chaos of Roman republic’s populism/mob rule
  • Offers defence of Roman imperial system, as if it’s a practical/orderly solution to instability of earlier democratic experiments
A

The Roman History - Dio Cassius (ca. 200CE)

18
Q

counter-narrative to Rome’s triumphalism, showcasing cost of imperial ambition; critique of Roman imperialism from the perspective of a native resisting conquest (Calgacus, Caledonian chieftain); “they create a desert and call it peace”

A

Agricola, Tacitus (100 CE)

19
Q

Nero’s murder of his mother; theme of female villainy; fear of female ambition

A

“The Death of Agrippina” - The Annals, Tacitus (100 CE)

20
Q
  • Only what’s internal to ourselves – our thought, feelings, desires, attitudes – is “up to us”, all external events are the work of fate/divine; happiness which is virtue consists in accepting all that happens and now allowing inner self to be affected by exterior world
  • stoicism = virtue is the highest good, we should aim for inner peace, focus on what we can control and accept what we cannot
A

The Handbook, Epictetus (125 CE)

21
Q

New Testament as primary source for teaching of Jesus (crucified by the Romans around 30 C.E); pacifistic christian beliefs about love, Sympathy, forgiveness, nature of the Kingdom of God

Paul’s Epistles - letters from Paul about Jesus death/resurrection, spreading teachings of Jesus about salvation

A

The New Testament (Gospel and Paul’s Epistles) (ca. 90CE)

22
Q

To highlight the moral values/sense of destiny considered to be at the heart of the Roman Republic’s greatness; philosophical dialogue

A

The Dream of Scipio, Cicero (54 BCE)

23
Q

Christian martyrdom, emphasis on strength of faith and divine support, Christian persecution from Romans

A

Martyr Acts: Lyons (177CE) Perpetua in Carthage (202CE)