Weeks 1-2 Introduction Flashcards
What did Neil Postman mean when he said that childhood is disappearing?
The differentiation between how adults and children are treated is disappearing.
Where can evidence of the disappearance of childhood be found?
Evidence of the disappearance of childhood includes:
(1) Media,
(2) clothing styles,
(3) eating habits,
(4) games,
(5) language,
(6) manners,
(7) crime,
(8) sexual activity,
(9) and drug use.
What is the “adultification of child”?
This is the reflection of the concept of childhood as being increasingly more adult like.
What is the “childification of adult”?
This is the reflection of the concept of adulthood as being increasingly more childlike like. Adults take on more childlike characteristics.
According to Neil Postman, how can individuals stop the disappearance of childhood?
Individuals can stop the disappearance of childhood by promoting
(1) marriage;
(2) close extended family relationships;
(3) the principles of discipline, delayed gratification, modesty, and politeness;
(4) and childhood literacy.
What three things can be done to control the media’s influence on children.
To limit the influence of media, parents can:
(1) Limit the amount of exposure.
(2) Monitor what children are exposed to.
(3) Maintain a critique of themes/values found in media
What are some of the consequences of the “adultification of child”?
Some of the consequences include:
(1) Increased child crime, with increasingly younger ages
(2) Increased participation in adult level crime and severity
(3) Increased child abuse victimization
(4) Increased sexual activity, pregnancy, and STD’s
(5) Increased alcohol and drug addiction
What are some of the consequences of the “childification of adult”?
Some of the consequences include:
(1) Increased placement of elderly adults in facilitated care facilities
(2) Lower marital and birth rates
(3) Increased divorce rates
(4) Decreased commitment to nurturing children
(5) Increased childhood mental health problems
What social institutions are strong enough and committed enough to resist the decline of childhood?
The family and schools can be strong enough and committed enough to resisting the decline of childhood.
What condition is needed for computers to sustain the need for childhood?
Universal computer literacy is needed for computers to sustain the need for childhood.
What two critical things must be the first focus in work with children?
Strengths and protective factors must be the first critical focuses in work with children.
What do children need protected from?
Children need protected from adult crimes and selfishness.
What are some examples of adult crimes and selfishness that Elder Oaks taught children need protected from?
Threats to children include:
(1) War - child soldiers
(2) Pornography and prostitution
(3) Abortion
(4) Abuse and neglect - physical & psychological
(5) Disease and poverty
(6) Divorce and never married parents
Why are children highly vulnerable to adult crimes and selfishness?
Children are highly vulnerable because they:
(1) Are unable to provide for themselves
(2) Have little influence on decision makers
What did Elder Oaks teach people should do to protect children?
People can protect children by:
(1) Uniting to increase our concern for the welfare and future of our children
(2) Remember our feelings when a child cries out and reaches out for help
(3) Speak on behalf of children
(4) Prioritize children’s well-being ahead of selfish interests
Where should protective factors be placed to protect children?
Protective factors should be placed around:
(1) The child,
(2) Immediate environments,
(3) Community systems,
(4) And broader culture
What are the four domains of development?
Physical
Cognitive
Emotional/Social
Spiritual
What period of development does early childhood cover?
Early childhood ranges from 2 to 6 years old
What period of development does middle childhood cover?
Middle childhood ranges from 6 to 11 years old
What was Bronfenbrenner known for?
His creation of the ecological systems approach to development
What is ecological systems theory?
A developmental theory that views the child as developing within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment.
What are the five levels of the ecological system that surrounds children?
Microsystem
Mescosystem
Exosystem
Macrosystem
Chronosystem
What is the microsystem in ecological systems theory?
The immediate, intimate environments the person is in:
Family
Classroom/work
Peer group
Religious setting
What is the mesosystem in ecological systems theory?
This is the connection between or interactions among microsystems:
Parent/teacher conference
Work sponsored family picnic
Little league game
Visit from religious leader
What is the exosystem in ecological systems theory?
These are the settings the child is not directly a part of but that influence the child:
Community/neighborhood
School system (curriculum, district, etc)
Youth recreational facilities
Overarching religious facilities/programs (stake)
What is the macrosystem in ecological systems theory?
These are the broad overarching influences:
Cultural Values
Laws
Customs
Social resources
What is the chronosystem in ecological systems theory?
These are the temporal changes in a child’s environment that affect all the system levels of the model:
Microsystem - divorce, birth of a child
Mesosystem - family move
Exosystem - change in parent employment
Macrosystem - major shift in cultural values
What is learning theory?
Children are shaped, molded, taught by others and by the social environment (nurture, environment, experience).
What is developmental theory?
Children’s growth and learning is directed from within (nature, genes, biology).
What is the 3 purposes of theories of human growth?
- Provide insight and guidance for everyday concerns
- Form the basis for testable hypotheses
- Generate discoveries
What is behaviorism (learning theory)?
Originated by Watson based on Pavlov’s work. It focuses on observable behaviors and “laws of behavior”; development is viewed as the process of learning
What are the laws of behavior in behaviorism?
Stimulus
Response
Conditioning
What is a stimulus in behaviorism?
Anything that elicits a response
What is a response in behaviorism?
Any behavior that is elicited by a specific stimulus
What is a response in behaviorism?
Any behavior that is elicited by a specific stimulus
What is conditioning in behaviorism?
This is the process of learning
What did John Watson contributed to behaviorism?
John Watson developed classical conditioning.
What is classical conditioning?
Concerned with how an action may be controlled by a stimulus that comes before it. The stimulus elicits a response/behavior.
What is operant conditioning?
Concerned with how an action may be controlled by a stimulus that comes after it. The stimulus reinforces the behavior.
What is dynamic systems theory?
It is a theory about motor development that asserts mastery of motor skills involves increasingly complex systems of action. When motor skills work as a system, separate abilities blend together, each cooperating with others to produce more effective ways of exploring and controlling environment.
What are the 4 components of dynamic systems theory?
Each new skill is a joint product of the following factors:
1) Central nervous system development
2) The body’s movement capacities
3) The goals the child has in mind
4) Environmental supports for the skill
What is social learning theory?
Emphasizes modeling (aka imitation or observational learning) as a powerful source of development.
What is psychoanalytic theory?
Originated by Freud and emphasizes that how parents manage their child’s sexual and aggressive drives in the first few years is crucial for healthy personality development; id, ego, and superego
What is psychosocial theory?
Originated by Erickson and emphasizes that in addition to mediating between id impulses and superego demands, the ego makes a positive contribution to development, acquiring attitudes and skills that make an individual an active contributing member of society
What is cognitive developmental theory?
Developed by Piaget and emphasized that children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world.
What are the four cognitive stages?
Sensorimotor - birth to age 2
Preoperational - ages 2 to 7
Concrete operational - ages 7 to 11
Formal operational - ages 11+
What is sociocultural theory?
Developed by Vygotsky and focuses on how culture (values, beliefs customs, and skills of a social group) is transmitted to the next generation. Social interaction is necessary for children to acquire the ways of thinking and behaving that make up a community’s culture.
