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CHILD 310 > Week 4 Physical Development > Flashcards

Week 4 Physical Development Flashcards

1
Q

What was Gesell known for?

A

Gesell was known for his work on maturational theory.

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2
Q

What is biological maturation?

A

behavior unfolds according to nature’s inner plan or timetable

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3
Q

What is the concept of maturation?

A

 Development occurs within a series of fixed sequences determined by biology.
 Individuality within one’s genes explain why the rates/timing of each child’s sequences of development varies between individuals.
 Sequential development begins during gestation and continues through childhood
 Environment has influences on development; however, the sequence of development is mainly controlled by one’s genes.

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4
Q

What are patterns of development?

A

the process by which actions in development become organized
* E.g. the pattern/process in which vision develops or babies learn to walk

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5
Q

What is reciprocal interweaving?

A

the developmental process by which two tendencies gradually reach an effective organization – the dualities of nature achieve balance/symmetry
* The two hemispheres of the brain create a duality that occurs in different areas of development and influences the aspects of many actions
* E.g. The development of one handed dominance; the development of the balance of introversion and extroversion in personality

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6
Q

What is functional asymmetry?

A

Within most areas of development, full reciprocal interweaving is not achieved. Rather, a degree of asymmetry is maintained that is highly functional
* E.g. Infant reflexes that are predominant early in life and fade as they are integrated – like tonic neck reflex

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7
Q

What is self-regulation?

A

intrinsic developmental mechanisms are so powerful that an organism can, to an extent, regulate its own development
* E.g. feeding, sleep, and wakefulness
* Self-regulation controls overall integration and equilibrium
o Children fluctuate into periods of disequilibrium, but self-regulation helps them return back to equilibrium

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8
Q

What is individuality?

A

there is individuality within the rates of growth of every child
* Growth rate differences may contribute to differences in temperament and personality.
* Cultures should make accommodations and adjustments for each child’s unique temperament and personality

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9
Q

What is Gesell’s philosophy of childrearing?

A

 Parents should recognize the implicit wisdom of maturational laws
 Parents have the best opportunity to learn to respect the individuality of a child’s development in the first year of life.
 Parents need to obtain an understanding of the trends and sequences of child development
 Children can learn to control impulses and meet cultural demand’s of behavior, but within the limits of their maturation.

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10
Q

Did Gesell argue for nature or nurture?

A

Gesell argued for nature, though he acknowledge the influence of nurture.

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11
Q

What is the average rate of growth in early childhood?

A

Height: about 2-3 inches per year
Weight: about 5 pounds per year
By age 5: average 42 pounds, 43 inches

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12
Q

What skeletal growth is seen in early childhood?

A

45 new epiphyses
Development of primary teeth

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13
Q

What are epiphyses?

A

Growth centers in which cartilage hardens into bone

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14
Q

How is skeletal age determined?

A

progress toward physical maturity that is measured through x-rays of epiphyses and used to diagnose growth disorders

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15
Q

How does the pituitary gland influence physical growth?

A

The pituitary gland plays a critical role by releasing two hormones that induce growth.

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16
Q

What is growth hormone (GH)?

A

A hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that is necessary from birth on for development of almost all body tissues.

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17
Q

What is thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)?

A

A hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that prompts the thyroid gland to release thyroxine, which is necessary for brain development and for GH to have its full impact on body size.

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18
Q

How does emotional well-being influence growth and health?

A

Intense stress is related to illness and unintentional injuries. It can also lead to psychosocial dwarfism.

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19
Q

What is psychosocial dwarfism?

A

A growth disorder that appears between ages 2 to 15. Characterized by decreased secretion of GH and melatonin, very short stature, and immature skeletal age

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20
Q

How do sleep habits and problems influence growth and health?

A

Sufficient, quality sleep is necessary for proper growth and learning.

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21
Q

What are biological influences on nutrition?

A

Appetites decline as growth declines; pickiness in early childhood is an adaptive behavior to prevent swallowing dangerous substances

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22
Q

What are environmental influences on nutrition?

A
  • Children tend to imitate food choices and practice of people they admire, both adults and peers.
  • Repeated unpressured exposure to a new food increases acceptance.
  • Emotional climate at meal times impacts eating habits
  • Healthy food environments provided by parents contribute to developing self-control
  • Access to high-quality food
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23
Q

How can good nutrition be encouraged in childhood?

A
  • Offer a variety of healthy foods
  • Offer regular meals, as well as snacks
  • Serve small portions, allow child to serve self
  • Offer new foods early in meal, repeatedly
  • Make mealtime pleasant
  • Don’t use foods as a bribe or reward
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24
Q

How does infectious disease affect health outcomes?

A

Disease is a major contributor of malnutrition, which hinders physical growth and cognitive development.
- reduces appetite
LImits the body’s ability to absorb foods

25
Q

How do immunizations improve health outcomes?

A

Immunizations reduce the transmission of infectious disease across communities.

26
Q

What are factors related to childhood injuries?

A
  • Boys are nearly twice as likely to be injured and experience more severe injuries
  • Temperamental characteristics i
  • Socioeconomic factors such as poverty, single parenthood, and low education
  • Broad societal conditions - higher rates in underdeveloped countries
27
Q

How can childhood injuries be prevented?

A
  • Laws that require certain child safety measures
  • Modified community environments
  • Inexpensive and and widely available public transportation
  • Protective surfaces on playgrounds
  • Window guards
  • Media campaigns for parents
  • Change parent and child behavior
  • Teach safety rules to children
28
Q

Why do gross motor skills improve in early childhood?

A

Skills improve due to
* ongoing brain maturation
* larger, stronger bodies
* new goals
* expanding opportunities

29
Q

How do fine motor skills improve in early childhood?

A

Improvements in self help skills
* dressing
* feeding

30
Q

How do drawing skills improve in early childhood?

A
  • scribbles
  • first representational forms
  • more realistic drawings
31
Q

How does early printing improve in early childhood?

A
  • advances in perception
  • increase in fine motor skills
  • reason to write
  • help and support
32
Q

What individual differences are seen in motor development in early childhood?

A

Body Type - appearance of skills vary by body type
Gender - boys are ahead in skills that emphasize force and power; girls have increased balance and precision of movement

33
Q

How can motor development be enhanced in early childhood?

A
  • provide time and tools for play through gross and fine motor activities
  • avoid pressure and competition
34
Q

How does growth change in middle childhood?

A

Growth is slow and steady.
* Age 6: 45 lbs., 3 ½ feet
* Add about 5 lbs. and 2–3 inches per year.
* During ages 6–8, girls are slightly shorter and lighter.
* By age 9, the trend reverses.

35
Q

What contributes to hereditary and environmental variations/trends in physical growth during middle childhood?

A

Body size sometimes reflects evolutionary adaptations to a particular climate.

36
Q

What are secular trends in physical growth?

A

Changes in body size from one generation to the next.

37
Q

What skeletal growth changes occur in middle childhood?

A
  • Bones lengthen, broaden
  • Great flexibility
  • Muscles grow stronger
  • Permanent teeth emerge between 6 and 12
38
Q

What is malocclusion?

A

A condition in which the upper and lower teeth do not meet properly; seen in 1/3 of school age children

39
Q

What can cause malocclusion?

A
  • Thumb sucking after permanent teeth erupt
  • Overcrowding of permanent teeth
40
Q

What can prevent poor nutrition during middle childhood?

A

Well balanced diet fosters cognitive and physical
development
* Provide healthy snacks
* Problem: ready availability of unhealthy options

41
Q

How prevalent is overweight and obesity?

A
  • About 1/3 of North American children are overweight
  • 15-17% are obese (BMI over 30)
42
Q

What health problems are caused by obesity?

A
  • Social/emotional problems
  • High blood pressure
  • High cholesterol
  • Respiratory problems
  • Insulin resistance
43
Q

What causes obesity?

A
  • Genetics
  • SES
  • Early growth patterns/malnutrition
  • Family eating habits
  • Physical activity
  • T.V. viewing
  • Cultural values
44
Q

What are some consequences of obesity?

A
  • Social rejection, social isolation
  • Behavior disorders
  • Unhappiness/overeating cycle
  • Discrimination
45
Q

How should obesity be treated?

A

Obesity is a family disorder
* DON’T use crash diets
* DON’T use foods as reward or punishment
* DO increase physical activity
* DO improve family diet

46
Q

What vision and hearing problems are seen in middle childhood?

A

Myopia: 25% of 11–12 year olds
Ear infections decline markedly

47
Q

How is bedwetting a problem in middle childhood?

A
  • Nocturnal enuresis – 10% of children
  • Hereditary
48
Q

How should bedwetting be addressed in middle childhood?

A
  • Punishment is not effective
  • Medication
  • Alarm system
49
Q

How do unintentional injuries change in middle childhood?

A
  • Rates increase from middle childhood through adolescence
  • Higher among boys than girls
  • Higher in rural and inner city poverty environments
  • Auto accidents leading cause of injuries, followed by bicycle
    accidents
50
Q

How can unintentional injuries be reduced in middle childhood?

A
  • Safety education
  • Safety helmets, protective padding
  • Supervised community activities
  • Parent modeling, instruction, supervision
51
Q

What should be done for health education in early childhood?

A
  • Teach health related facts
  • Reduce health risks
  • Model, reinforce healthy behaviors
52
Q

What changes are seen in gross motor development in middle childhood?

A

Gains in:
* Flexibility
* Balance
* Agility
* Force

53
Q

What changes are seen in fine motor development in middle childhood?

A
  • Gains in;
  • Ability to play musical instruments
  • Writing
  • Drawing
54
Q

What areas are individual differences in motor skills seen?

A
  • Body build
  • Parental encouragement
  • SES
  • Gender
  • Cultural beliefs
55
Q

How do child games become organized in middle childhood?

A
  • Universal
  • Rule oriented
  • Allow for low risk experience in Cooperation, Competition, Winning, and Losing
56
Q

How should adult-organized youth sports be facilitated?

A
  • Build on children’s interests
  • Teach age appropriate skills
  • Emphasize fun
  • Limit length, frequency of practices
  • Focus on personal, team achievement
  • Discourage unhealthy competition
  • Involve children in developing rules, strate
57
Q

How does rough and tumble play change through childhood?

A

Dominance hierarchy
* In middle childhood – play behavior
* In adolescence – context for hostility

58
Q

Why is physical education important in middle childhood?

A

Physical activity fosters positive growth in all domains of development

59
Q

How can physical activity be encouraged in middle childhood?

A
  • Don’t cut recess
  • Increase amount of physical education
  • Focus on fun, informal games and individual exercise

CHILD 310 (5 decks)

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