Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HaDSoc > Weeks 1-2 > Flashcards

Weeks 1-2 Flashcards

1
Q

recognise quality and safety in healthcare as an important responsibility of doctors

A

15 years ago - care was poorly monitored and managed
Bristol inquiry
evidence that pt are being harmed and receiving sub-standard care
(whistle blowing the way doctors do things)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is an adverse event?

A

an injury caused by MEDICAL management, rather than underlying disease, that PROLONGS hospitalisation, produces DISABILITY or both

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is a preventable adverse event?

A

event that can be avoided given the current state of medical knowledge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is an example of a preventable adverse event?

A

operation on wrong side e.g. appendicitis

wrong medication given to patient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is an unpreventable event?

A

first time drug allergy e.g. to penicillin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

describe theories why patient safety problems occur

A

problems in quality and safety are rarely individuals at fault, more often system failure
e.g. Swiss cheese model - James Reason’s framework of error

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are the ‘holes’ in the swiss cheese model in explaining why patient safety problems occur?

A

active failures

latent conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are active failures within the swiss cheese model?

A

acts that lead directly to patient being harmed e.g. overdose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are latent conditions within the swiss cheese model?

A

predisposing conditions which increase chance of active failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

examples of latent conditions within the swiss cheese model?

A

poor training
poor supervision
lack of staff
(things that increase risks)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

explain the swiss cheese model in why patient safety problems occur

A

each cheese slice is a successive layer of defence, barrier, safeguard
the holes are active failure and latent conditions
if they holes line up then hazards fall through leading to patient safety being loss / compromised

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how can a system-based approach promote patient safety and quality in healthcare?

A

removes human thinking factors:

  1. avoid reliance on memory
  2. makes things visible e.g. bold/ red text
  3. review and simplify process
  4. standardise common processes and procedures
  5. routinely use checklists
  6. decrease reliance on vigilance (look out)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are policies and organisations for encouraging quality in NHS?

A

standard setting - by NICE
commissioning - contracts
financial incentives - punish and rewards
clinical audit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how does commissioning encourage quality in the NHS?

A

best and cheapest contract wins

contracts to incentivise quality improvement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are the financial incentives in encourage quality in the NHS?

A

punishments and rewards:

  1. best practice tariff: GP
  2. national tariff: hospitals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the national tariff? (financial incentives in encourage quality in the NHS)

A

set money for procedures
leftover money kept by the trust, to be reinvested elsewhere
no income in a never event

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is a never event?

A

avoidable events:
e.g. prescribing wrong drug, operating on wrong side
normally leads to fatality and death
(no payment at all)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is a fault of the financial incentives?

A

if the trust is doing worse than predicted, then there isn’t any money leftover (to make amends etc.), so trust just keeps getting worse
(won’t get paid extra for making things right)

19
Q

what is a clinical audit?

A

a quality improvement PROCESS that seeks to improve patient care and outcome through SYSTEMIC review of care
against explicit standards and implementation of charges

20
Q

what is a systemic review?

A

analyses multiple research studies or papers

21
Q

what is important within a clinical audit?

A

evaluation: measure current practice and comparing to set standard
(to see what needs to change - whether current practice aligns with set standard)

22
Q

describe the process of a clinical audit

A

choose topic –> set standard
set standard –> audit / 1st evaluation –> implement changes –> re-audit / 2nd evaluation –> set standard (loops until perfect, which is never, so just keeps going)

23
Q

what is clinical governance?

A

a framework through which NHS organisations are ACCOUNTABLE for CONTINUOUSLY improving the quality of their services and SAFEGUARDING high standards of care
by creating an environment in which EXCELLENCE in clinical care will flourish

24
Q

what are quantitative social science methods for investigating health and illness?

A

RCT, cohort studies, case-control studies, cross-sectional surveys
secondary analysis of data
collect numerical data

25
Q

what are secondary analysis of data?

A

analyse data people have already published

26
Q

what are examples of secondary analysis of data?

A

official statistics, national / regional / local surveys

27
Q

how does one collect numerical data in quantitative methods?

A

collect numerical data by beginning with idea / hypothesis - deduce conclusion from data

28
Q

what is an example of quantitative data collection?

A

questionnaires

29
Q

how do you design questionnaires in quantitative data collection?

A

closed questions

need to be valid and reliable

30
Q

what is valid in quantitative data collection?

A

measures what it’s supposed to

31
Q

what is reliable in quantitative data collection?

A

measures consistently

gets the same results every time - even if someone else carries out the same research with the same methodology

32
Q

what are pros of using a questionnaire in quantitative data collection?

A

good for:
describing, measuring, finding relationships
making comparisons
(relationships and comparisons)

33
Q

what are cons of using a questionnaire in quantitative data collection?

A

force people into inappropriate categories - doesn’t allow participants to express things their way
not effective in establishing causality (just gives cause and effect)

34
Q

what is causality?

A

relationship between cause and effect

35
Q

what are qualitative social science methods for investigating health and illness?

A
  1. observation and ethnography
  2. interviews
  3. focus groups
  4. documentary and media analysis
36
Q

what is ‘observation and ethnography’ within qualitative social science method for investigating health and illness?

A

observe rather than rely on report

37
Q

what are pros and cons of ‘observation and ethnography’ within qualitative social science method for investigating health and illness?

A

cons: labour intensive (observation)
pros: reliable information on behaviour (seeing directly the behaviour, may even see things participants didn’t think were relevant)

38
Q

what are interviews within qualitative social science method for investigating health and illness?

A

semi structured - there are questions, but participants free to express what they feel are important / relevant
emphasis on participants giving perspective

39
Q

what are pros and cons of ‘focus groups’ within qualitative social science method for investigating health and illness?

A

pros: may encourage people to participate, get lots of ideas
cons: difficult to organise, lack of individual experience, some people may not speak up about what they really think

40
Q

what are ‘focus groups’ within qualitative social science method for investigating health and illness?

A

a group of people are asked about their perceptions, opinions, beliefs, and attitudes towards a product, service, concept, idea
(originated from market research)

41
Q

what is ‘documentary and media analysis’ within qualitative social science method for investigating health and illness?

A

independent evidence
(medical record, diaries, TV / newspaper)
secondary information

42
Q

what are pros of quantitative research for investigating health and illness?

A

understand patient perspectives
accessing information not revealed by quantitative methods (people more free to express what they think)
explains relationship (between cause and effect)

43
Q

what are cons of quantitative research for investigating health and illness?

A

not good at finding consistent relationships

as all participants will have differing views and opinions

44
Q

how does one decide whether to choose quantitative or qualitative research methods?

A

related to topic under investigation / research QUESTION
research team’s preference / EXPERTISE
TIME / MONEY
funders / AUDIENCE

HaDSoc (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions