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4006PM > WEEK1- Cell biology > Flashcards

WEEK1- Cell biology Flashcards

1
Q

what are 6 levels of organisations

A
  1. chemical
  2. cellular
  3. tissue
  4. organ
  5. organ system
  6. organism
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2
Q

whats the chemical level
(whats an atom and molecule)- GIVE EXAMPLES

A

atoms form all matter. it’s formed by protons, neurons and electrons
examples of atoms:
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium and sulphur

molecules are formed by 2 or more atoms
examples of molecules:
glucose, sodium chloride and fatty acids

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3
Q

whats DNA

A

contains the instructions needed for an organism to develop, survive and reproduce

large molecule and contains genetic material

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4
Q

what are cells

A

molecules combine to form cells

cells are the basic structural and functional units of an organism

its the smallest living units in the body

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5
Q

whats the tissue level (what forms tissues and what happens when tissues work together)

A

tissues are formed by groups of cells and materials that surround them

tissues work together to perform a particular function

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6
Q

what are the 4 basic types of tissue

A

epithelial
connective
muscular
nervous

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7
Q

whats the organ level (what makes an organ, examples)

A

formed by different types of tissues joined together (2 or more types of tissue)

they have a specific function and usually have a recognisable shape

heart, lungs, liver, small intestine, brain, large intestine etc

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8
Q

what’s the system level (what makes up a system and how many systems are there)

A

composed of related organs with common functions

there are 11 systems

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9
Q

name the 11 systems

A

integumentary
respiratory
cardiovascular
urinary
reproductive
skeletal
muscular
nervous
endocrine
lymphatic
digestive

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10
Q

whats the organismal level

A

when all parts of the body function together to form the total organism(human)

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11
Q

2 or more atoms share what

A

electrons

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12
Q

what are ions

A

an atom that has a positive/negative charge due to unequal numbers of protons and electrons

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13
Q

whats a compound

A

a substance containing 2 or more different elements

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14
Q

common ions in the body (whats the name and symbol)

A

hydrogen (H+)
sodium (Na+)
potassium (K+)
ammonium (NH4+)
magnesium (Mg2+)
calcium (Ca2+)
iron(II) (Fe2+)
iron(III) (Fe3+)
fluoride (F-)
chloride (CI-)
iodide (I-)
hydroxide (OH-)
bicarbonate (HCO3-)
oxide (02-)
sulphate (SO42-)
phosphate (PO43-)

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15
Q

What is a carbohydrate (what makes up a carbohydrate/what’s a carbohydrate chain)

A

carbohydrate= water and carbon
carbohydrate chain: come in different lengths, important carbohydrates belong in categories

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16
Q

what are the 3 categories that carbohydrates fit into

A

monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides

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17
Q

what is a monosaccharide (and give examples)

A

a simple sugar
a carbohydrate monomer (meaning basic building block of carbohydrates)
soluble in water used to produce atp
contains 3-7 carbons

examples= glucose, fructose ribose

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18
Q

whats a disaccharide (examples)

A

formed from monosaccharides by dehydration reaction
has 2 sugar monomers
examples: sucrose= glucose+ fructose monometers
lactose=galactose+ glucose monomers

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19
Q

what is a polysaccharide

A

contains 10s or 100s of monomers
insoluble in water
stores molecules

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20
Q

what are lipids

A

lipids are a type of fat that store energy, make membranes and can act as a hormone

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21
Q

what 2 molecules are lipids made from

A

glycerol
fatty acids

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22
Q

are lipids insoluble or soluble to water (and can they form bonds)

A

only the smallest lipid molecules can dissolve in water otherwise they are insoluble to water

can form bonds with proteins to form lipoproteins that causes them to be soluble

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23
Q

what’s so important with glucose and glycogen (to do with the brain)

A

glucose is a simple sugar
glycogen helps to breakdown

fuel to brain only comes from simple sugars

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24
Q

whats triglycerides

A

lipids that consist of a glycerol group and 3 fatty acids

most sufficient type of lipid in the body and is included in most diets

fatty acid tails can be saturated or un-saturated (mono-poly)

triglycerides can be used for energy, unlimited storage in adipose tissue

insoluble in water

unsaturated generally liquid at room temperature

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25
how many naturally occuring amino acids are there
20
26
what is an amino acid
molecules that combine to form proteins
27
whats a protein
large complex molecules that play critical roles in the body they do most of the work in the cells and are required for the following: structure regulation of the body's tissues and organs
28
what gives an amino acid its identity
each amino acid has its own amino group/ acid group and R group side chain which gives the amino acid its chemical identity
29
what bond joins amino groups/amino acids
peptide bond via dehydration synthesis
30
whats the 6 functions that proteins can conduct
structural (collagen in bone and connective tissue) regulatory (hormones) contractile ( myosin,actin) immunological (antibiotics) transport (haemoglobin) catalytic (enzymes- amylase: enzymes break down) (atp ase: breaks down enzymes) (alcoholdehydrogenase)
31
what are the 4 levels of protein structure (and explain each)
primary: join with a peptide bond peptide chain/amino acid sequence secondary: alpha helix or beta pleated sheets tertiary: 1. 3D shape containing strands, pleats and helices 2. they are held by disulphide bonds 3. between 2 cysteine amino acid forming a s=s bond 4. ionic bonds between positive and negative 'R' group 5. hydrogen bonds 6. hydrophobic/hydrophilic interaction quaternary: arrangement of 2 or more polypeptide chains
32
whats enzymes
a biological catalyst that's almost always a protein enzymes are unchanged after the reaction under cellular control (the rate of synthesis and chemical environment can cause activation and deactivation)
33
benefits of enzymes
very efficient because: 1.they increase reaction rates from 2.100million-1billion times compared to same reaction without enzymes 3.reduces activation energy of the reaction-decreasing the randomness of collisions 4. they are highly specific due to protein structure substrate or substrates to that enzyme only fits to active site
34
go onto google and search for BLANK cell structure image and label it
plasma membrane, mitochondrion, centriole, vacuole, lysosome, nucleus (nuclear envelope, nucleolus, chromatin and nuclear pore), golgi complex, microfilaments, microtubule, RE (rough endoplasmic reticulum), SE (smooth endoplasmic reticulum), cytoplasm.
35
what are the cell organelles the plasma membrane and ..........
nucleus mitochondria Golgi bodies endoplasmic reticulum (smooth and rough) centrioles ribosomes
36
what is the nucleus
the nucleus is enclosed in a phospholipid bilayer (nuclear envelope) and has pores in the membrane. the nucleus is like the control centre to the cell and keeps chromosomes protected well nucleus contains genetic material or DNA in chromatin or during mitosis. all transcription and replication of genetic material takes place within the nucleus and so does RNA processing.
37
what are the mitochondria responsible for
responsible for a cell's metabolism. synthesises ATP through a protein called ATP synthase. mitochondria have a double membrane, outer membrane and folded inner membrane. this maximises surface area- more ATP synthases can be held. mitochondria= powerhouse
38
whats the mitochondria
these organelles are scattered throughout the cell. all cells have a mitochondria. this is where chemical reactions occur that transfer energy from organic compounds to the ATP. mitochondria have their own DNA, new mitochondria are born when existing ones grow and divide energy provided by a chain of chemical reactions- Krebs cycle
39
whats the golgi apperatus (simple terms)
found in the cytoplasm in simple terms: the golgi apparatus is like a packaging center for cells attaching address labels (functional groups) to many cell products to direct them to the right location and packaging the products into vacuoles to ensure delivery
40
whats the golgi apparatus in anatomical way
golgi apparatus consists of layers of lipid membrane stacked on each other. as the molecular product being packaged moves through the complex. many enzymes induce vacuole formation and functional group attachment in short, a golgi apparatus takes proteins and carbohydrates and modifies and packages them. works close with ER to modify the proteins and carbohydrates
41
whats the endoplasmic reticulum
ER acts as a transport from the nucleus and ribosomes to the golgi apparatus
42
what is rough ER
the rough ER is covered with ribosomes (which is why its called rough ER) the rough er transports materials through the cell and produces proteins in sacks which are then sent to the golgi body/cell membrane
43
whats smooth ER
the smooth ER has no ribosomes (which is why its called sooth ER) smooth er makes up proteins and lipids that get exported by the cell the smooth er controls the level in muscles and detoxifies poisons, alcohol and drugs
44
what are ribosomes
ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis. compromised of interacting protein and nucleic acid chains they link amino acids together to form proteins they decode messages and the form peptide bonds
45
what are centrioles
paired barrel-shaped organelles located in the cytoplasm of cells near the nuclear envelope they organize microtubules that serve as the cells skeletal system. they help determine the locations of the nucleus and other organelles within the cell
46
whats the vacuole
a membrane-bound cell organelle. they are generally small and help sequester waste products also stores water and nutrients until its needed.
47
whats the cell membrane
they separate the interior of the cell from the outside environment consists of a lipid bilayer thats semipermeable. the cell membrane regulates the transport of materials entering and exiting the cell
48
whats the lysosome
a membrane- bound cell organelle that contains digestive enzymes this allows different biological polymers to be broken down (like protein, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and lipids)
49
whats a cytoplasm
its the fluid inside a cell but outside of the cells nucleus most chemical reactions take place in the cytoplasm the liquid is made up of water,salts and various organic molecules it helps provide a platform upon which other organelles can operate within the cell all the functions for cell expansion, growth and replication are carried out in the cytoplasm of a cell
50
hydro..... heads hydro..... tails
hydrophilic heads hydrophobic tails
51
cell membrane (has a selective membrane why is this good)
a selective barrier that regulates the flow of materials between the cell's internal environment for external environments being selective it helps create and maintain the appropriate environment for normal cellular activities
52
what are the transport mechanisms and what is it
transport mechanisms move things from a-b simple diffusion osmosis facilitated diffusion active transport endo/exocytosis
53
what are the passive transport mechanisms
simple diffusion osmosis facilitated diffusion these require no atp but still need energy
54
what are the active transport mechanisms
active transport endo/exocytosis these require atp
55
what does a solute mean
dissolved in water
56
what does diffusion mean
the movement of solute from a high concentration solution to a lower concentration solution across a membrane down the concentration gradient ... eliminating local concentration gradients
57
whats osmosis
the movement of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane from a solution with a low solute concentration to a solution with a higher solute concentration until equal concentration reached
58
what does water always follow
the solute
59
what is hypotonic
low solute draws water in red blood cells: lots of solute held in by phospholipid membrane lots of solute= salty- too much water
60
what is hypertonic
high solute draws water out red blood cells: look shrivelled up
61
what does isotonic mean
equal amount red blood cells: look normal
62
what is facilitated diffusion
like the lock and key model if the solute fits into the carrier protein then it will go through
63
whats active transport
can push against a concentration due to atp being present, the solute can go in and out
64
whats the vesicular transport
plasma membrane, lets it in and but has to use energy 1. food particle takin in by endocytosis 2. fusion forms secondary lysosome 3. food particles digestion (produces of digestion) 4. exocytosis of waste goes out into environment
65
how many chromosomes and pairs does a cell nucleus contain
46 chromosomes 23 pairs
66
chromosomes-----> genes
within chromosomes, functional units called a gene genes code for proteins, control cellular structure and direct activities formed from: chromatin dna
67
the base pairs of dna
adenine---> thymine guanine----> cytosine these are held in position with sugar phosphate backbone
68
what does rna mean
provides the template for the molecule to be produced mRNA transported to ribosome carries the sub units to manufacture for molecule rRNA- ribosomal RNA the ribosome
68
what does rna mean
provides the template for the molecule to be produced mRNA transported to ribosome carries the sub units to manufacture for molecule rRNA- ribosomal RNA the ribosome
69
metabolism- krebs cycle
protiens----> amino acids glucose-----> pyruvic acid-----> acetyl coenzyme A-----> oxaloacetic acid fats----> glycerol-----> fatty acids----> lactic acid-----> ketone bodies
70
whats cell division
there are 2 processes that exist: mitosis: the division of cells in order to replicate, where the cell replicates its DNA and then organizes itself in order to divide ...... nuclear division of somatic cells ......proceeds in 4 stages meiosis: cell division in order to allow reproduction, with the formation of gamete ...... cell division that produces gametes with half the normal somatic chromosome complement
71
the 4 main types of tissues (organization of cells) AND their meanings
epithelial tissue (covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs and cavities, form glands) connective tissue (connects, supports and protects body organs while distributing blood vessels to other tissues) muscle tissue (contracts, makes body parts move, generates heat)
72
what are the 3 blood vessels
RBC (erythrocytes) WBC (leucocytes) PLATELETS (thrombocytes)
73
what is simple columnar epithelium
absorption of digestive and products, secretion of mucus, enzymes and other substances.

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