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4006PM > WEEK1- Cell biology > Flashcards

WEEK1- Cell biology Flashcards

1
Q

what are 6 levels of organisations

A
  1. chemical
  2. cellular
  3. tissue
  4. organ
  5. organ system
  6. organism
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2
Q

whats the chemical level
(whats an atom and molecule)- GIVE EXAMPLES

A

atoms form all matter. it’s formed by protons, neurons and electrons
examples of atoms:
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium and sulphur

molecules are formed by 2 or more atoms
examples of molecules:
glucose, sodium chloride and fatty acids

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3
Q

whats DNA

A

contains the instructions needed for an organism to develop, survive and reproduce

large molecule and contains genetic material

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4
Q

what are cells

A

molecules combine to form cells

cells are the basic structural and functional units of an organism

its the smallest living units in the body

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5
Q

whats the tissue level (what forms tissues and what happens when tissues work together)

A

tissues are formed by groups of cells and materials that surround them

tissues work together to perform a particular function

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6
Q

what are the 4 basic types of tissue

A

epithelial
connective
muscular
nervous

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7
Q

whats the organ level (what makes an organ, examples)

A

formed by different types of tissues joined together (2 or more types of tissue)

they have a specific function and usually have a recognisable shape

heart, lungs, liver, small intestine, brain, large intestine etc

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8
Q

what’s the system level (what makes up a system and how many systems are there)

A

composed of related organs with common functions

there are 11 systems

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9
Q

name the 11 systems

A

integumentary
respiratory
cardiovascular
urinary
reproductive
skeletal
muscular
nervous
endocrine
lymphatic
digestive

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10
Q

whats the organismal level

A

when all parts of the body function together to form the total organism(human)

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11
Q

2 or more atoms share what

A

electrons

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12
Q

what are ions

A

an atom that has a positive/negative charge due to unequal numbers of protons and electrons

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13
Q

whats a compound

A

a substance containing 2 or more different elements

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14
Q

common ions in the body (whats the name and symbol)

A

hydrogen (H+)
sodium (Na+)
potassium (K+)
ammonium (NH4+)
magnesium (Mg2+)
calcium (Ca2+)
iron(II) (Fe2+)
iron(III) (Fe3+)
fluoride (F-)
chloride (CI-)
iodide (I-)
hydroxide (OH-)
bicarbonate (HCO3-)
oxide (02-)
sulphate (SO42-)
phosphate (PO43-)

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15
Q

What is a carbohydrate (what makes up a carbohydrate/what’s a carbohydrate chain)

A

carbohydrate= water and carbon
carbohydrate chain: come in different lengths, important carbohydrates belong in categories

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16
Q

what are the 3 categories that carbohydrates fit into

A

monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides

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17
Q

what is a monosaccharide (and give examples)

A

a simple sugar
a carbohydrate monomer (meaning basic building block of carbohydrates)
soluble in water used to produce atp
contains 3-7 carbons

examples= glucose, fructose ribose

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18
Q

whats a disaccharide (examples)

A

formed from monosaccharides by dehydration reaction
has 2 sugar monomers
examples: sucrose= glucose+ fructose monometers
lactose=galactose+ glucose monomers

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19
Q

what is a polysaccharide

A

contains 10s or 100s of monomers
insoluble in water
stores molecules

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20
Q

what are lipids

A

lipids are a type of fat that store energy, make membranes and can act as a hormone

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21
Q

what 2 molecules are lipids made from

A

glycerol
fatty acids

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22
Q

are lipids insoluble or soluble to water (and can they form bonds)

A

only the smallest lipid molecules can dissolve in water otherwise they are insoluble to water

can form bonds with proteins to form lipoproteins that causes them to be soluble

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23
Q

what’s so important with glucose and glycogen (to do with the brain)

A

glucose is a simple sugar
glycogen helps to breakdown

fuel to brain only comes from simple sugars

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24
Q

whats triglycerides

A

lipids that consist of a glycerol group and 3 fatty acids

most sufficient type of lipid in the body and is included in most diets

fatty acid tails can be saturated or un-saturated (mono-poly)

triglycerides can be used for energy, unlimited storage in adipose tissue

insoluble in water

unsaturated generally liquid at room temperature

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25
Q

how many naturally occuring amino acids are there

A

20

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26
Q

what is an amino acid

A

molecules that combine to form proteins

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27
Q

whats a protein

A

large complex molecules that play critical roles in the body

they do most of the work in the cells and are required for the following:
structure
regulation
of the body’s tissues and organs

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28
Q

what gives an amino acid its identity

A

each amino acid has its own amino group/ acid group and R group side chain which gives the amino acid its chemical identity

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29
Q

what bond joins amino groups/amino acids

A

peptide bond via dehydration synthesis

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30
Q

whats the 6 functions that proteins can conduct

A

structural (collagen in bone and connective tissue)
regulatory (hormones)
contractile ( myosin,actin)
immunological (antibiotics)
transport (haemoglobin)
catalytic (enzymes- amylase: enzymes break down)
(atp ase: breaks down enzymes)
(alcoholdehydrogenase)

31
Q

what are the 4 levels of protein structure (and explain each)

A

primary:
join with a peptide bond
peptide chain/amino acid sequence

secondary:
alpha helix or beta pleated sheets

tertiary:
1. 3D shape containing strands, pleats and helices
2. they are held by disulphide bonds
3. between 2 cysteine amino acid forming a s=s bond
4. ionic bonds between positive and negative ‘R’ group
5. hydrogen bonds
6. hydrophobic/hydrophilic interaction

quaternary:
arrangement of 2 or more polypeptide chains

32
Q

whats enzymes

A

a biological catalyst that’s almost always a protein

enzymes are unchanged after the reaction

under cellular control (the rate of synthesis and chemical environment can cause activation and deactivation)

33
Q

benefits of enzymes

A

very efficient because:
1.they increase reaction rates from 2.100million-1billion times compared to same reaction without enzymes
3.reduces activation energy of the reaction-decreasing the randomness of collisions
4. they are highly specific due to protein structure
substrate or substrates to that enzyme only fits to active site

34
Q

go onto google and search for BLANK cell structure image and label it

A

plasma membrane,
mitochondrion,
centriole,
vacuole,
lysosome,
nucleus (nuclear envelope, nucleolus, chromatin and nuclear pore),
golgi complex,
microfilaments,
microtubule,
RE (rough endoplasmic reticulum),
SE (smooth endoplasmic reticulum),
cytoplasm.

35
Q

what are the cell organelles
the plasma membrane and ……….

A

nucleus
mitochondria
Golgi bodies
endoplasmic reticulum (smooth and rough)
centrioles
ribosomes

36
Q

what is the nucleus

A

the nucleus is enclosed in a phospholipid bilayer (nuclear envelope) and has pores in the membrane.

the nucleus is like the control centre to the cell and keeps chromosomes protected well

nucleus contains genetic material or DNA in chromatin or during mitosis. all transcription and replication of genetic material takes place within the nucleus and so does RNA processing.

37
Q

what are the mitochondria responsible for

A

responsible for a cell’s metabolism. synthesises ATP through a protein called ATP synthase.

mitochondria have a double membrane, outer membrane and folded inner membrane.

this maximises surface area- more ATP synthases can be held.

mitochondria= powerhouse

38
Q

whats the mitochondria

A

these organelles are scattered throughout the cell.
all cells have a mitochondria.

this is where chemical reactions occur that transfer energy from organic compounds to the ATP.

mitochondria have their own DNA, new mitochondria are born when existing ones grow and divide

energy provided by a chain of chemical reactions- Krebs cycle

39
Q

whats the golgi apperatus (simple terms)

A

found in the cytoplasm
in simple terms: the golgi apparatus is like a packaging center for cells attaching address labels (functional groups) to many cell products to direct them to the right location and packaging the products into vacuoles to ensure delivery

40
Q

whats the golgi apparatus in anatomical way

A

golgi apparatus consists of layers of lipid membrane stacked on each other. as the molecular product being packaged moves through the complex. many enzymes induce vacuole formation and functional group attachment

in short, a golgi apparatus takes proteins and carbohydrates and modifies and packages them.
works close with ER to modify the proteins and carbohydrates

41
Q

whats the endoplasmic reticulum

A

ER acts as a transport from the nucleus and ribosomes to the golgi apparatus

42
Q

what is rough ER

A

the rough ER is covered with ribosomes (which is why its called rough ER)
the rough er transports materials through the cell and produces proteins in sacks which are then sent to the golgi body/cell membrane

43
Q

whats smooth ER

A

the smooth ER has no ribosomes (which is why its called sooth ER)
smooth er makes up proteins and lipids that get exported by the cell
the smooth er controls the level in muscles and detoxifies poisons, alcohol and drugs

44
Q

what are ribosomes

A

ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis.
compromised of interacting protein and nucleic acid chains
they link amino acids together to form proteins

they decode messages and the form peptide bonds

45
Q

what are centrioles

A

paired barrel-shaped organelles located in the cytoplasm of cells near the nuclear envelope

they organize microtubules that serve as the cells skeletal system.

they help determine the locations of the nucleus and other organelles within the cell

46
Q

whats the vacuole

A

a membrane-bound cell organelle. they are generally small and help sequester waste products

also stores water and nutrients until its needed.

47
Q

whats the cell membrane

A

they separate the interior of the cell from the outside environment

consists of a lipid bilayer thats semipermeable. the cell membrane regulates the transport of materials entering and exiting the cell

48
Q

whats the lysosome

A

a membrane- bound cell organelle that contains digestive enzymes

this allows different biological polymers to be broken down (like protein, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and lipids)

49
Q

whats a cytoplasm

A

its the fluid inside a cell but outside of the cells nucleus

most chemical reactions take place in the cytoplasm

the liquid is made up of water,salts and various organic molecules

it helps provide a platform upon which other organelles can operate within the cell

all the functions for cell expansion, growth and replication are carried out in the cytoplasm of a cell

50
Q

hydro….. heads hydro….. tails

A

hydrophilic heads
hydrophobic tails

51
Q

cell membrane (has a selective membrane why is this good)

A

a selective barrier that regulates the flow of materials between the cell’s internal environment for external environments

being selective it helps create and maintain the appropriate environment for normal cellular activities

52
Q

what are the transport mechanisms and what is it

A

transport mechanisms move things from a-b
simple diffusion
osmosis
facilitated diffusion
active transport
endo/exocytosis

53
Q

what are the passive transport mechanisms

A

simple diffusion
osmosis
facilitated diffusion

these require no atp but still need energy

54
Q

what are the active transport mechanisms

A

active transport
endo/exocytosis

these require atp

55
Q

what does a solute mean

A

dissolved in water

56
Q

what does diffusion mean

A

the movement of solute from a high concentration solution to a lower concentration solution across a membrane

down the concentration gradient … eliminating local concentration gradients

57
Q

whats osmosis

A

the movement of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane

from a solution with a low solute concentration to a solution with a higher solute concentration until equal concentration reached

58
Q

what does water always follow

A

the solute

59
Q

what is hypotonic

A

low solute
draws water in
red blood cells: lots of solute held in by phospholipid membrane

lots of solute= salty- too much water

60
Q

what is hypertonic

A

high solute
draws water out
red blood cells: look shrivelled up

61
Q

what does isotonic mean

A

equal amount
red blood cells: look normal

62
Q

what is facilitated diffusion

A

like the lock and key model
if the solute fits into the carrier protein then it will go through

63
Q

whats active transport

A

can push against a concentration
due to atp being present, the solute can go in and out

64
Q

whats the vesicular transport

A

plasma membrane, lets it in and but has to use energy

  1. food particle takin in by endocytosis
  2. fusion forms secondary lysosome
  3. food particles digestion (produces of digestion)
  4. exocytosis of waste goes out into environment
65
Q

how many chromosomes and pairs does a cell nucleus contain

A

46 chromosomes
23 pairs

66
Q

chromosomes—–> genes

A

within chromosomes, functional units called a gene

genes code for proteins, control cellular structure and direct activities

formed from:
chromatin
dna

67
Q

the base pairs of dna

A

adenine—> thymine
guanine—-> cytosine

these are held in position with sugar phosphate backbone

68
Q

what does rna mean

A

provides the template for the molecule to be produced

mRNA transported to ribosome

carries the sub units to manufacture for molecule

rRNA- ribosomal RNA
the ribosome

68
Q

what does rna mean

A

provides the template for the molecule to be produced

mRNA transported to ribosome

carries the sub units to manufacture for molecule

rRNA- ribosomal RNA
the ribosome

69
Q

metabolism- krebs cycle

A

protiens—-> amino acids

glucose—–> pyruvic acid—–> acetyl coenzyme A—–> oxaloacetic acid

fats—-> glycerol—–> fatty acids—-> lactic acid—–> ketone bodies

70
Q

whats cell division

A

there are 2 processes that exist:

mitosis: the division of cells in order to replicate, where the cell replicates its DNA and then organizes itself in order to divide
…… nuclear division of somatic cells
……proceeds in 4 stages

meiosis: cell division in order to allow reproduction, with the formation of gamete
…… cell division that produces gametes with half the normal somatic chromosome complement

71
Q

the 4 main types of tissues (organization of cells) AND their meanings

A

epithelial tissue (covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs and cavities, form glands)

connective tissue (connects, supports and protects body organs while distributing blood vessels to other tissues)

muscle tissue (contracts, makes body parts move, generates heat)

72
Q

what are the 3 blood vessels

A

RBC (erythrocytes)
WBC (leucocytes)
PLATELETS (thrombocytes)

73
Q

what is simple columnar epithelium

A

absorption of digestive and products, secretion of mucus, enzymes and other substances.

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