respiratory

Question 1

what makes up the upper respiratory

Answer 1

nose, pharynx, larynx (upper)

Question 2

what makes up the lower respiratory

Answer 2

larynx (lower), trachea, bronchi, alveoli, lungs

Question 3

internal and external (4 stages of respiration)

Answer 3

1. air moving in and out of the lungs to facilitate the exchange of air between atmosphere and alveoli (breathing or ventilation- external respiration)
2. 02 and c02 exchange by diffusion
3. 02 and co2 are transported in the blood
4. 02 and co2 exchange occur at a cellular level (internal respiration)

Question 4

what are the respiratory functions of the nose

Answer 4

warming (mucosa allows rapid warming of the air as it flows past

filtering and cleaning (hairs at the anterior nares trap large particles and smaller particles like dust and bacteria)

humidification (as air travels over the mucosa it becomes saturated with water vapour)

Question 5

facts about the nasal cavity

Answer 5

nasal cavity: main route of air entry
external naris (nares, nostril, hairs)
internal naris (nasal conchae)
significance of olfaction

Question 6

facts about the pharynx

Answer 6

12-14 cm long
from base of skull to 6th cervical vertebra
lies behind the nose, mouth and larynx

Question 7

facts about the nasopharynx

Answer 7

behind nose. above the soft palate

Question 8

facts about the oropharynx

Answer 8

behind mouth, below soft palate to the 3rd cervical vertebra
when swallowing, the nasal/oral parts are separated by soft palate and uvula

Question 9

facts about laryngopharynx

Answer 9

extends from oropharynx, continues as oesophagus below

Question 10

all functions of the pharynx

Answer 10

passageway for air and food

taste- olfactory nerve endings

hearing: auditory tube allows air to enter middle ear, leads to pressure in middle and outer ear being equal- protects the tympanic membrane from changes in atmospheric pressure

protection: lymphatic tissue/ pharyngeal and laryngeal tonsils produce antibodies in response to swallowed/ inhaled antigens

speech: resonance chamber for sounds ascending from larynx

Question 11

whats the nasopharynx made from

Answer 11

continuous with the lining of the nose- ciliated columnar epithelium

Question 12

whats the oropharynx and laryngopharynx made from

Answer 12

formed by tougher stratified squamous epithelium- continuous with the lining of the mouth and oesophagus

Question 13

whats larynx made up of

Answer 13

irregular shaped cartilage
1 thyroid cartilage
1 cricoid cartilage
2 arytenoid cartilage
1 epiglottis

Question 14

what is hyaline cartilage

Answer 14

smooth bluish-white tissue
provides flexibility, support and smooth surfaces for movement at joints
forms part of larynx, trachea and bronchi

Question 15

what is elastic cartilage

Answer 15

yellow elastic fibres lying in a solid matrix
provides support and maintenance of shape

Question 16

what is the cricoid cartilage shaped like

Answer 16

below the thyroid cartilage
shaped like a signet ring which completely circles the larynx

Question 17

whats the epiglottis look like

Answer 17

leaf shaped, attached on a flexible stalk of cartilage to the inner surface of the anterior wall of the thyroid cartilage

closes of the larynx when swallowing

Question 18

what does the larynx do

Answer 18

production of sound (Pitch, volume and resonance)
speech
protection of lower respiratory tract
passageway for air
humidifying, filtering and warming

Question 19

what is the trachea

Answer 19

known as the windpipe
maintains airflow
filter, warm and humidify
cough reflex

contains 3 layers of tissue:
outer layer (fibrous and elastic tissue encloses the cartilages)
middle layer (consists of cartilages and bands of smooth muscle)
lining (ciliated columnar epithelium)

Question 20

what is the bronchi

Answer 20

splits into left and right bronchi
right bronchus is wider, shorter and more vertical.
left bronchus is narrower, longer and less vertical.

there’s primary, secondary and tertiary bronchi

Question 21

structure and function of bronchioles

Answer 21

structure:
not cartilaginous
smooth muscle

function:
warm and humid
regulation of respiration

Question 22

what is the alveoli

Answer 22

150 million in adult lung
single layer of simple squamous epithelial cells in the alveoli and alveolar ducts
lying between squamous cells= septal cells that secrete surfactant

Question 23

what are the lungs

Answer 23

2 lungs- each side of the midline in thoracic cavity
cone-shaped- consists of apex, base, tip costal surface and medial surface

Question 24

apex ………

Answer 24

rounded and rises the route of the neck.
approx 25mm above the level of the middle third of the clavicle

Question 25

base ........

Answer 25

concave and semilunar in shape, lies on upper thoracic surface of diaphragm

Question 26

costal surface

Answer 26

convex, lies directly against costal cartilage, tibs and intercostal muscles

Question 27

medial surface/mediastinum ..

Answer 27

concave. roughly triangular shape area called hilum area between the lungs= mediastinum