Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A/P & Patho Test 1 > Week Two A/P > Flashcards

Week Two A/P Flashcards

1
Q

Osmotic Pressure

Osmotic pressure is greater where solute concentration is ______

Water will flow to the solution with ______ solute concentration, or in other words, the solution with ______ osmotic pressure

Water flows through the cell membrane through channels called _______

A

Higher

Higher, Greater

Aquaporins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Osmotic Pressure

Solution with high OP is ______

Solution with low OP is ______

_______ osmotic pressure is the pressure created by plasma proteins

[equals ___ mmHg]

A

Hypertonic

Hypotonic

Colloid

28 mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Ion Channels

______ proteins that span the membrane when open, permitting the passage of certain ___

They are ______

Two different types of ion channels: _____-gated and _____-gated

A

Integral, Ions

Selective

Voltage-gated and Ligand-gated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Voltage Gated Channels

Opened or closed based on changes in ______ ______

Activation gate of the Na+ channel in nerve is opened by _______

When open, the nerve membrane is permeable to ____ (during upstroke of AP)

Inactivation gate of the Na+ channel in nerve is closed by _______

When closed, the nerve membrane is impermeable to ____ (during repolarization)

A

Membrane Potential

Depolarization

Na+

Repolarization

Na+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Ligand Gated Channels

Opened or closed by ______, _______ messengers, or _________

Ex: _______ receptor for Acetylcholine at motor end plate is an ion channel that opens when Ach binds to it

When open, it is permeable to ___ and ___, causing the motor end plate to depolarize

A

Hormones, Second Messengers, Neurotransmitters

Nicotonic

Na+ and K+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Ligand Gated Channels

______ channels are ligand-gated. These channels open when GABA binds to its receptor

When chloride channels are open, inward movement of _____ ions is allowed into the cells

A

Chloride

Cl-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

GABA/Benzodiazepines

Binding of GABA is _____ by benzodiazepines, resulting in greater entry of ____ ions into the cell, leading to _______ (a more negative charge)

The hyperpolarization makes it more difficult to _______, and reduces neuronal excitability

A

Enhanced

Cl-, Hyperpolarization

Depolarize

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Action Potential

Cells contain a high ___ concentration

Membrane electrical potential difference is generated from diffusion of ___ through leaky channels

Typical resting membrane potentials in neurons is ____ to ____ mV

A

K+

K+

-70 to -90 mV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Action Potentials

___ entry into cell causes a more _____ charge to occur within the cell

Only two cells, ______ and ______ cells can achieve the action potential spike

Conclusively, the AP process is initiated from _____ K+ channels

A

Na+, Positive

Neuron, Muscle

Leaky

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Depolarization

Makes cell membrane potential less ______, due to movement of positively charged ____ ions into the cell

This leads to increased ________

A

Negative, Na+

Excitability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Repolarization

Returns the membrane back to its ______ potential

Repolarization results from the movement of positively charged ___ ions out of the cells

A

Resting

K+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Hyperpolarization

Makes membrane potential more _____ due to movement of negatively charged ____ ions into the cell

Decreased cell _______

A

Negative, Cl-

Excitability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Inward current is the flow of ______ charge into the cell. Inward current ______ the membrane potential

Outward current is the flow of _____ charge out of the cell. Outward current _______ the membrane potential

A

Positive, Depolarizes

Positive, Hyperpolarizes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Threshold

The membrane potential at which the action potential is ______

Resulting depolarization gives rise to upstroke of _____ _____

If net inward current is ____ than net outward current, no action potential will occur

A

Inevitable

Action Potential

Less

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Upstroke (Depolarization)

Inward ___ movement

______ blocks these voltage sensitive Na+ channels, and abolishes action potential

No ___ entry = No depolarization

A

Na+

Lidocaine

Na+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Downstroke (Repolarization)

Outward __ movement

Outward flow of K+ ______ the membrane potential

A

K+

Hyperpolarizes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Absolute Refractory Period

Period during which another action potential cannot occur, no matter how large the ______. This is due to closure (inactivation) of ____ gates

A

Stimulus

Na+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Relative Refractory Period

Period during which an action potential can be elicited only if a ______ than usual stimulus is provided

The refractory period protects the cell from ____-_______, allowing a ______ period between action potentials

A

Larger

Over-Excitation

Recovery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Local Anesthetics

Local anesthetics are weak bases present in an ______ form (LA) and ______ form (LAH+)

______ form (LA) penetrates the cell membrane

pH is ____ inside the cells, causing more of the ______ form to produce

_____ form (LAH+) blocks the ____ channels from the inside, inhibiting conduction of pain impulses

A

Un-ionized, Ionized

Un-ionized

Acidic, Ionized

Ionized, Na+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Local Anesthetics

Slow the rate of _______ of the nerve action potential such that the ______ potential is not reached

Due to this, an _____ _____ cannot occur and a conduction blockade results

A

Depolarization, Threshold

Action Potential

21
Q

Inhaled Anesthetics

(Isoflourane, Desflurane, Sevoflurane)

______ the effect of GABA

Increase entry of ___

________ of cell (makes cell less responsive and more difficult to depolarize)

A

Enhance

Cl-

Hyperpolarization

22
Q

Hypokalemia

______ the diffusion gradient

Serum hypokalemia will cause a _____ KCL leak from the cell to the serum, creating a _______ and ______ weakness

A

Increases

Larger, Hyperpolarization, Muscle

23
Q

Hyperkalemia

______ the diffusion gradient

AP does not occur because inactivation gates of Na+ channels are closed by _______

Without action potential, there is no _____ (muscle weakness)

No ______ is allowed to occur

A

Decreases

Depolarization

Contraction

Repolarization

24
Q

Cardioplegic Solution

Causes rapid membrane _______

No ______ can occur due to high extracellular ___

Na+ channels are locked in an _____ state

Heart muscle is in a permanent ______ ______ period

________ is a drug that also causes rapid depolarization

A

Depolarization

Repolarization, K+

Inactive

Absolute Refractory

Succinylcholine

25
Q

Ligand Gated Channels

Open or close by the following ligands: ______, second ______, or ________

These ligand gated channels change membrane _______

Ex: _______ receptor for acteylcholine at motor end plate is an ion channel that _____ when Ach binds to it

(When open, it is permeable to ___ and ___, causing the motor end plate to _______)

A

Hormones, Second Messenger, Neurotransmitters

Permeability

Nicotinic, Opens

Na+ and K+, Depolarize

26
Q

Ligand Gated Channels

______ channels are also ligand gated. These channels open when _____ binds to the receptor

Other examples of ligand gated channels are _______ and _____

These are not the same as voltage gate channels, which require a difference in ______ ______ l to elicit a response

A

Chloride, GABA

Glutamate, 5-HT

Membrane Potential

27
Q

cAMP Mechanism

______ binds to a receptor

Activation of __ _______ (more than 50% of drugs act via this protein)

Gs protein stimulates _______ ______ to convert ____ to ____

cAMP activates ______ ______, which phosphorylates specific proteins

______ action occurs

A

Hormone

G Protein

Adenylate Cyclase, ATP to cAMP

Protein Kinase-A

Cellular

28
Q

cAMP Mechanism

cAMP is broken down to an inactive state through _______

Name some things that inhibit phosphodiesterase breakdown?

In cardiac muscle, beta agonists (dobutamine) act through cAMP. Increased cAMP results in activation of _____ ______, which enhance entry of ___ into the myocardial cell (increasing force of contraction)

A

Phosphodiesterase

Caffiene, Aminophylline, Milrinone

Protein Kinases, Ca++

29
Q

IP3 (inositol triphosphate) Mechanism

______ binds to a receptor in the cell membrane through a __ ______, which activates _________ ___

Phospholipase C liberates _______ (DAG) and _____ from mebrane lipids

IP3 mobilizes ______ from the ______ _______

____ and ______ (DAG) activate _______ _______, which phosphorylates proteins and produces cellular _______

Ex: Ach on _______ receptor

A

Hormone, G Protein, Phospholipase C

Diacylglycerol (DAG) and IP3

Ca++, Endoplasmic Reticulum

Ca++ and Diacylglycerol (DAG); Protein Kinase C, Action

Muscarinic

30
Q

Catalytic Receptor Mechanism

Associated with ______ activity on receptors (No G protein involvement)

_____ ______ _____ (ANP) and _____ _____ (NO) act through ______ ______, which converts _____ to _______ (second messenger)

Insulin acts through ______ _______

A

Enzymatic

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide, Nitric Oxide

Guanylyl Cyclase; converts GDP to cGMP

Tyrosine Kinase

31
Q

Steroid Hormones Mechanism

Steroid or thyroid hormones _____ across cell membranes of target cells, binding to a ______ receptor, then a _____ receptor

Binding to the ______ receptor causes a _______ change in the receptor, which exposes a ____-_______ _______

A

Diffuse, Cytosolic, Nuclear

Nuclear, Conformational

DNA-Binding Domain

32
Q

Steroid Hormones Mechanism

In the _____, the DNA binding domain on the receptor interacts with hormone regulatory elements of specific DNA

_______ is initiated and results in the production of new ______

_______ is then translated in the cytoplasm, and results in production of specific _______ that produce physiological effects

A

Nucleus

Transcription, mRNA

mRNA, Proteins

33
Q

Beta 2 Stimulants (Agonists) in Lungs

Terbutaline, which acts on _____ receptors, which activate __ ______, which activate ______ ______, causing an increase in ______ and activation of ______ ______, leading to ________

_________ is a PDE inhibitor that leads to maintained increase of _____, leading to ______

A

Beta 2, G Proteins

Adenyl Cyclase

cAMP, Protein Kinases, Bronchodilation

Aminophylline, cAMP, Bronchodilation

34
Q

Nitric Oxide (NO) in Lungs

(NO) activates ______, leading to ________

(NO) _____ the cell membrane and does not require a cell ______

A

cGMP, Bronchodilation

Crosses, Receptor

35
Q

Cholingeric Muscarinic Receptors (M3 receptors)

Stimulation of cholinergic M3 receptors activates __ ______, leading to the formation of _____, which increases the release of ___ from intracellular storage, leading to ________

Anticholinergics such as ______ also known as ______, Inhibit the ___ receptor, leading to ________

A

Gq Protein

IP3

Ca++, Bronchoconstriction

Ipratropium (Atrovent), M3, Bronchodilation

36
Q

Muscle Structure

Each muscle fiber is ______ and behaves as a _____ unit. Each muscle fiber contains bundles of ______, surrounded by SR and invaginated by __ _______

Each myofibril contains thick and thin _____, arranged longitudinally in sarcomere

_______ runs from ___ line to __ line

A

Multinucleated, Single

Myofibrils, T-Tubules

Filaments

Sarcomere, Z line to Z line

37
Q

Muscle Structure

Thick filament contains _____

Thin filament contains _____, ________, and _______

Troponin T binds with ______

Troponin I binds with ______

Troponin C binds with ______

Contraction results from the sliding action of interdigitating _____ and _____ filaments

A

Myosin

Actin, Tropomyosin, Troponin

Tropomysin

Actin

Calcium

Actin & Myosin

38
Q

Muscle Structure

T-Tubules are ______ with the cell membrane and they invaginate the cells at the __ lines

T-Tubules carry ____ into the cell ______

A

Continuous, Z-lines

Action Potential, Interior

39
Q

Muscle Structure

Sarcoplasmic reticulum are small diameter tubules that lie in close proximity to ______ elements

Sarcoplasmic reticulum is the site of storage and release of _____, for ______-______ coupling

A

Contractile

Calcium, Excitation-Contraction

40
Q

Excitation-Contraction Coupling

The AP spreads from the cell membrane into the __ ______

___ enters the cell from the ECF ( inward ___ current ), through ___ _____ Ca++ channels ( ________ receptors)

This Ca++ entry triggers the release of even more Ca++ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (Ca++ induced Ca++ release), nicknamed the ___ _____ through Ca+ release channels ( ______ receptors)

As a result of this ___ release, inctracellular Ca+ ______

A

T-Tubules

Ca++, Inward Ca++, L-Type, Dihydropyridine

Ca++ Spark, Ryanodine

Ca++, Increases

41
Q

Excitation-Contraction Coupling

Ca++ binds to ______ and ______ is moved out of the way, removing inhibition of actin and myosin binding

Actin and myosin bind; the thick and thin filaments slide past each other and the muscle _____. This mechanism is also known as the _____ _____

The magnitude of the tension that develops is proportional to the ________ ___

A

Troponin C, Tropomyosin

Contracts, Power Stroke

Intracellular Ca++

42
Q

Excitation-Contraction Coupling

_______ occurs when Ca++ is re-accumulated by the SR by an active ______ pump

Ca++ is also removed from the cell via the ______ exchanger

A

Relaxation, Ca++ ATPase

Na+/Ca++ Exchanger

43
Q

Excitation-Contraction Coupling

Calcium channel blockers block _____ Ca++ channels ( ______ receptors)

Dantrolene (Dantrium) blocks ___ ______ channels ( ______ receptors) on the _______ _______

A

L-Type, Dihydropyridine

Ca++ Release, Ryanodine, Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

44
Q

Excitation-Contraction Coupling

________ acts on Beta-1 receptors on the heart and causes increased ____, which increases ___ influx through the ______ channels, therefore, _______ the force of contraction

( ________ does the opposite )

What will happen if the beating heart and skeletal muscle are placed in a calcium free solution?

A

Norepinephrine, cAMP, Ca++, L-Type

Increasing

Acetylcholine

Heart will stop, Muscles won’t contract

45
Q

Excitation-Contraction Coupling

A single AP causes the release of a standard amount of Ca++ from the SR and produces a _____ _____

If the muscle is stimulated _______, then more ____ is released from the SR, and there is a cumulative ______ in intracellular ___, extending the time for the cross-bridge cycling. The muscle does not have the chance to _____. This is what occurs with ______

A

Single Twitch

Repeatedly, Ca++, Increase, Ca++

Relax, Tetanus

46
Q

Coupling (Cardiac Muscle)

AP moves along __ ______

_______ receptors are activated (voltage sensors that release small amount of calcium into the fiber)

Ca++ binds to the _______ receptor, which then opens, releasing a large amount of ___

Ca++ is pumped back into the SR and back into T-Tubule

_______ is terminated

A

T-Tubules

Dihydropyridine

Ryanodine, Ca++

Contraction

47
Q

Malignant Hyperthermia

Characterized by ______ combustion, ______ ______ rigidity, and ______ ______ (hypermetabolism)

Can be triggered by _______ (halothane), _______ tendency (can be tested via muscle bx)

MOA: Constant leak of SR ___ through defective ______ receptor

A

Spontaneous, Skeletal Muscle, Metabolic Acidosis

Anesthetics, Familial tendency

Ca++, Ryanodine

48
Q

Muscle Contraction (summary)

Myosin head attaches to _____

Through ____, myosin head releases and undergoes _______

Myosin head is “______,” and is ___ and ___ bound

Through action of ___, myosin head attaches to new site and _____ _____ is initiated. After this action, ____ is released

A

Actin

ATP, Hydrolysis

Cocked, ADP and Pi

Pi, Power Stroke, ADP

49
Q

Coupling (Skeletal Muscle)

AP moves along __ ______

Voltage change sensed by _______ receptor, which is the communicated to the ______ receptor, which then opens, allowing _______ to occur

_______ is pumped back into the SR

Calcium binds to ______ to facilitate storage

_______ is then terminated

A

T-Tubules

Dihydropyridine

Ryanodine, Contraction

Calcium

Calsequestrin

Contraction

A/P & Patho Test 1 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions