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A/P & Patho Test 1 > Week One A/P > Flashcards

Week One A/P Flashcards

1
Q

Total body weight in Kg is ___% non-water mass and ___% total body water

Within the total body water content, ___ is extracellular fluid and ___ is intracellular fluid

Within the extracellular fluid, ____ is plasma volume and ___ is interstitial volume

**42L total (28L ICF and 14L ECF)

A

35%, 65%

1/3, 2/3

1/4, 3/4

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2
Q

Body water content is _____ in new borns and _____ in women, why?

What are the major anions in Intracellular fluid?

What are the major anions in Extracellular fluid?

A

Increased, Decreased

Re: Women have more fat and fat is low in water content

Protein and Organic Phosphate

Cl- and HCO3-

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3
Q

Homeostasis

______ provide information about stimuli (perceive the abnormality)

______ tells what a particular value should be (includes a set point, located in the brain and spinal cord)

______ elicit responses that change conditions in the internal environment (attempting to fix abnormality)

A

Receptors

Control Center

Effectors

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4
Q

Negative Feedback Control

Promotes ______, prevents ____-_______, or over-secretion

Most common type of control system

Ex: Anterior Pituitary- TSH-Thyroid Gland-T3/T4 production

A

Stability, Over-Excitation

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5
Q

Positive Feedback Control

Rare, explosive, forms viscous ______

Example: LH surge prior to ovulation, blood clotting, labor contractions

Anterior Pituitary-FSH/LH-Ovary-Estrogen (which increases feedback loop so that more hormone is produced)

A

Cycle

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6
Q

_____ and ____ form outer layer of the cell membrane

A

Lipids, Proteins

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7
Q

Proteins provide ______ to a membrane

Proteins are defined by mode of association with the _____ bilayer

______ proteins (channels, pores, carriers, enzymes)

_______ (enzymes, intracellular signal mediators)

A

Specificity

Lipid

Integral

Peripheral

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8
Q

Naming of the cell is based on the attached _________

Approximately 10% of carbohydrates are _______

The major of integral proteins are ________

The remaining carbohydrates are ________

A

Carbohydrate

Glycolipids

Glycoproteins

Proteoglycans

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9
Q

Carbohydrates

______ charge of the carbohydrate chains repel other ______ charges

Involved in cell-cell attachments, refered to as a “____-____”

Carbohydrates also play a role in ______ reactions

A

Negative, Negative

Cell Marker

Immune

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10
Q

Cholesterol

Present in cell ______

Decreases membrane ______ and _______ (except in plasma membrane)

Increases membrane _____ and ______

A

Membranes

Fluidity, Permeability

Flexibility and Stability

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11
Q

Cell Membrane

Works as a “____ ____,” meaning that it possesses _______

A

Gate Keeper, Selectivity

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12
Q

Cell Membrane

Name the three lipids that comprise the cell membrane

A

Phospholipid (most abundant)

Glycolipid

Cholesterol

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13
Q

Cell Membrane

Name the three proteins that comprise the cell membrane?

A

Channels

Receptors

Enzymes

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14
Q

Cell Membrane

_____ Bilayer: barrier to water and water-soluble substances

______ have a glycerol backbone, which is _____ (water-soluble) heads, and two fatty acid tails, which are ______ (water insoluble)

A

Lipid

Phospholipids, Hydrophilic, Hydrophobic

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15
Q

___ is what determines if a drug is in _____ or _____ form

A

pH, Ionized, Un-ionized

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16
Q

Lipid Soluble Substances

Examples would be?

______forms of drugs can cross the cell membrane because they are able to dissolve in the ______ lipid bilayer

A

O2, CO2, and Nitrogen, steroid hormones, isoflourane, non-polar molecules

Unionized, Hydrophobic

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17
Q

Water Soluble Substances

Examples would be?

______forms of drugs cannot cross the cell membrane because they are unable to dissolve in the lipid bilayer

Water solublke substances may cross the cell membrane through _____, _____, or may be _____ by carriers

A

Ions (Na+, K+, Cl-), glucose, polar molecules, water

Ionized

Channels, Pores, Transported

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18
Q

Local Anesthetic can be in ______ form (LAH+) or ______ form (LA) - Ex: Lidocaine

The ______ form is able to cross the cell membrane

What substances can cross blood-brain and placental barriers?

A

Ionized, Un-Ionized

Un-Ionized

Anesthetic gases

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19
Q

Integral proteins include hormone ______

Ions and water-soluble substances can still get across the cell membrane by other mechanisms such as _____ or ____

A

Receptors

Channels, Carriers

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20
Q

_______ ingestion by the cell

______ ingestion of samller particles

_______ ingestion of larger particles (bacteria)

_______ binding of IgG antibody on the surface of bacteria, enhancing phagocytosis

_______ extrusion of cellular contents (excretion)

This process is ____ dependent

A

Endocytosis

Pinocytosis

Phagocytosis

Opsonization

Exocytosis

ATP

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21
Q

Mechanism of Pinocytosis

What is the function of clathrin?

A

It is a protein that helps form the vesicle so the protein can close inside of the cell

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22
Q

Lysosome roll in WBCs

Bacteria attaches to neutrophil. _____ then begin to form, which engulf the bacterium (cell eating).

The bacteria is engulfed (hugged) by a phagocytic vesicle

The phagocytic vesicle fuses with ______

Bacteria is killed and digested

Digested particles are eliminated via _______

A

Pseudopods

Lysosomes

Exocytosis (Excretion)

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23
Q

The rough endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for ______ formation

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is reponsible for ______ formation

A

Protein

Lipid

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24
Q

The human 80S Ribosome

Factory of _____ synthesis

Scans or ______ information then makes protein based on coding that is received

A

Protein

Transcribes

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25
Q

70S (Bacterial) Ribosome

Includes what sub units?

A

30S and 50S subunit

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26
Q

80S (Human) Ribosome

Role in protein synthesis

Has what subunits?

A

40S and 60S subunit

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27
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Network of microtubules where _____ are processed

Site of intracellular ______ storage

______ ER has no ribosomes

______ has ribosomes

A

Proteins

Calcium

Smooth

Rough

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28
Q

Golgi Apparatus

“Packaging center”

Has ______ functions

Receives _____ and _____ from the ER and modifies and “packs” them into sealed droplets called ______

A

Secretory

Lipids and Proteins, Vesicles

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29
Q

Lysosomes

______ system of cell; contains ______

Allows ______ of bacteria

Removes ______ tissues (recycling centers)

A

Digestive, Hydrolases

Phagocytosis

Damaged

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30
Q

Peroxisomes

Similar to lysosomes

Aid in ______ (Ex: Alcohol)

A

Detoxification

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31
Q

Secretory Vesicles

Exocytosis is stimulated by _____

A

Calcium

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32
Q

Mitochondria

_______ of the cell

Mitochondria contain their own ____

Contain an electron _____ chain

Convert food into energy in the form of ____ via the process of _____ ________

___ and ___ inhibit ATP synthesis

A

Powerhouse

DNA

Transport

ATP, Oxidative Phosphorylation

CN- and CO

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33
Q

Mitochondria

Mitochondrial disease inheritance comes from the mother (maternal inheritance). But why?

A

Sperm have no mitochondria but female eggs do

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34
Q

Microtubules

Provide a _____ and rigid support to cell

What type of drugs act on microtubules?

_____-_____ syndrome; causative factor is defective microtubules, leading to decreased ______ and increased occurence of ______ (No skeleton= No celluilar protection, leading to immunocompromisation)

A

Skeleton

Anti fungals, Antihelminthic, Anti cancer, Anti breast cancer, Anti gout)

Chediak-Higashi

Phagocytosis, Infection

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35
Q

Nucleus

“_____ and _____ center” of the cell

Contains ____

_______ are condensed genetic material

A

Command, Control

DNA

Chromosomes

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36
Q

Nuclear Membrane has thousands of _____

A

Pores

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37
Q

______ (condensed DNA) is found in nucleoplasm

A

Chromatin

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38
Q

Nucleoli

Accumulation of ____

Forms ______

A

RNA

Ribosomes

39
Q

Lysosomes

“_____” keepers of the cell

Lysosomal storage diseases are due to absence of one or more ______

Example of disease: _______

A

House

Hydrolases

Tay-Sachs

40
Q

Intercellular Connection

____ _____ are attachments between cells, often epithelial cells

These connections may be ____ (impermeable) or _____ (permeable)

A

Tight Junctions

Tight, Leaky

41
Q

Gap Junctions (communicating junctions)

The attachments between cells that permit ______ ________

Permits current flow and electrical coupling between _______ cells

Offers least ______ flow of ions (free flow)

In an acute MI, these gap junctions close, leading to increased _____ resistance (what causes arrythmias, heart blocks, etc.)

A

Intercellular communication

Myocardial

Resistance

Flow

42
Q

Fatty Acid Oxidation

Degradation and oxidation of fatty acids is called ________, and occurs only in the _______

Fatty acid transportation into the mitochondria is mediated by a ______ shuttle

The fatty acid molecule is degraded in the mitochondria and this results in two molecules of _______

A

B-oxidation, Mitochondria

Carnitine

Acetyl-CoA

43
Q

Fatty Acid Oxidation

The Acetyl-CoA molecules formed by B-oxidation in the mitochondria then enter the ____ ____ ____

Tremendous amounts of ____ (146 molecules) are formed by B-oxidation from ____ molecule of fatty acids

A

Citric Acid Cycle

ATP

One

44
Q

Fatty Acid Oxidation

Fatty acid synthesis occurs in ______, while its degradation (beta oxidation) occurs in the ______

A

Cytoplasm, Mitochondria

45
Q

ATP Production

The end product of carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism is _______

ATP is used for what 3 functions?

Does the body store ATP?

What function utilizes the most ATP?

A

Acetyl-CoA

Transportation of substances across membrane (Example: water soluble substances, AKA membrane transport)

Synthesis of compounds (protein synthesis)

Muscle contraction

*No, the body does NOT store ATP

Membrane transport

46
Q

Cilia Structure

A function of cilia is to _____ secretions

______ is an ATPase that causes ciliary movement

Smoking _____ cilia, leading to no “house keeping” of respiratory tract, leading to higher risk of _____

A

Clean

Dynein

Decreases, Infection

47
Q

Cilia Structure

Kartagener’s syndrome (immotile cilia syndrome) is due to a _____ arm defect

What conditions might this syndrome lead to?

A

Dynein

*Sinus Inversus

*Sterility in male and female (No active cilia for transport of egg or sperm)

*Recurrent sinusitis

*Brochiectasis

48
Q

DNA

_____ stranded, located mainly inside the _____

NB are adenine, guanine, cytosine, and _____

Contains _____ sugar

A

Double, Nucleus

Thymine

Deoxyribose

49
Q

RNA

_____ stranded, located mainly inside the _____ and _____

NB are adenine, guanine, cytosine, and _____

Contains _____ sugar

A

Single

Nucleus and cytoplasm

Uracil

Ribose

50
Q

Purines

Pure “As Gold” (Adenine and Guanine)

Purines have ____ rings

A

Two

51
Q

Pyrimidines

CUT the PY (Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil)

Pyrimidines have ___ ring

A

One

52
Q

Helical double stranded DNA

The outside strands are composed of _______ and ______

The internal molecules connecting the two strands of helix are ____ and ______ bases, which determine the ____ of the gene

A

Phosphoric acid, deoxyribose

Purine, Pyrimidine

Coding

53
Q

Helical double stranded DNA

_____ binds to _____

_____ binds to _____

A

Adenine (A), Thymine (T)

Cytosine (C), Guanine (G)

54
Q

DNA Replication

DNA can ______ itself (only molecule that can do this)

______ are always added to the 3’ end

New DNA is “proof-read” by ________

Repairs are made by ________

____________ create a nick in the helix to relieve supercoils

A

Duplicate

Nucleotides

DNA Polymerase

DNA Ligase

DNA Topoisomerases

55
Q

____ carries genetic code from the gene to the cytoplasm

A

RNA

56
Q

Transcription (mRNA formation)

________ binds to the promoter sequence

RNA Polymerase ______ the DNA double helix

The polymerase _____ the DNA strand and adds complimentary ____ molecules to the DNA template

______ RNA molecules react with the growing end of the RNA strand

_______ ends when the RNA polymerase reaches a terminating ______

A

RNA Polymerase

Unwinds

Reads, RNA

Activated

Transcription, Codon

57
Q

Multiple ______ can simultaneously translate a single mRNA

A

Ribosomes

58
Q

Types of RNA

______ RNA, which carries gentic code from nucleus to cytoplasm

Contains _____ (code triplets for amino acids)

Each codon codes for ____ amino acid

____ is a start codon

____, ____, ____, are stop codons

A

Messenger

Codons

One

AUG

UAA, UAG, UGA

59
Q

Types of RNA

______ RNA acts as a _____ to transport amino acids to ribosomes

A

Transfer, Carrier

60
Q

Types of RNA

______ RNA which are present in ribosomes (protein factories) synthesize _____

This process is called ________

A

Ribosomal

Proteins

Translation

61
Q

Protein Synthesis

The formation of mRNA is called _______ and is controlled by _________

mRNA moves to the cytoplasm and dictates the formation of proteins. This process is called ______

Protein synthesis occurs in ______

_____ attaches the amino acid to mRNA

______ bonds are formed between amino acids by what enzyme?

A

Transcription, RNA Polymerase

Translation

Ribosomes

tRNA

Peptide; Peptidyl Transferase

62
Q

Agents and Their Effects

Aminoglycosides, Tetracycline

A

Bind to 30S subunit of bacterial ribosome, inhibiting protein synthesis

63
Q

Agents and Their Effects

Chloramphenicol, Erythomycine, Lincomycin, Clindamycin

A

Binds to 50S subunit of bacterial ribosome, inhibiting protein synthesis

**Buy AT 30, CELL at 50**

64
Q

Agents and Their Effects

Sulfonamide

A

Inhibits bacterial synthesis of folic acid

65
Q

Agents and Their Effects

Quinolones (Cipro, Norfloxacin, Nalidixic acid)

A

Inhibit bacterial DNA gyrase (Topoisomerase II)

**Topoisomerases are enzymes that maintain the helical structure of DNA

66
Q

Agents and Their Effects

Rifampin

A

Blocks bacterial mRNA synthesis

67
Q

Agents and Their Effects

Penicillin, Cephalosporin, Vancomycin

A

Interfere with bacterial cell wall synthesis

68
Q

Agents and Their Effects

Polymyxin

A

Disrupts permeability of bacterial cell membrane, causing leakage of cell contents

69
Q

Agents and Their Effects

Metronidazole (Flagyl)

A

Disrupts miscrosomal DNA synthesis

70
Q
  1. Why don’t anitibotics work against viral infections?
  2. Why PCN is not effective against mycoplasma?
  3. How does Staph aureus develop resistance against PCN?
  4. What is the action of clavulanic acid?
A
  1. Viruses do not have ribosomes or cell walls
  2. Mycoplasma do not have cell walls
  3. By producing B-lactamase enzymes to destroy the ABX
  4. B-lactamase inhibitor, must give first before giving second ABX to be effective
71
Q

Cell Reproduction

Permanent cells remain in ___ state, and regenerate only from ____ cells

Examples of these cell types?

A

G(0) state, Stem

Neurons, Skeletal and cardiac muscle, RBCS

72
Q

Cell Reproduction

Stable (Quiescent) Cells

Enter ___ from ___ when stimulated

Examples of these cell types include?

A

Enter G(1) from G(0)

Hepatocytes, lymphocytes

73
Q

Cell Reproduction

Never go to ___, divide rapidly with a short ____

Examples of these cells include?

A

G(0); G(1)

Bone marrow, gut epithelium, skin, hair follicles

74
Q

Mitosis

Division of cell resulting in production of two _____ cells

The number of _______ remain the same

Consists of 5 major stages

A

Daughter

Chromosomes

IPPMAT

75
Q

There is no _____ in cytoplasm

A

Calcium

76
Q

Substance (ECF vs. ICF)

Na+

K+

Ca++, ionized

A

142 mEq (ECF), 10 mEq (ICF)

4 meq (ECF), 140 mEq (ICF)

2.5 mEq (ECF), 1 x 10(-4) (ICF)

77
Q

Simple Diffusion

_____ soluble molecules move readily across the membrane (rate depends on lipid _______)

______ soluble molecules move across the cell membrane via _____ or _____

A

Lipid

Solubility

Water, Channels, Pores

78
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

The carrier protein makes a ______ change to allow the “gates” to open for facilitated diffusion

A

Conformational

79
Q

Proteins provide ______ and ______ to a membrane

A

Specificity, Function

80
Q

Primary Active Transport

Na+/K+ ATPase (Sodium Pump)

  1. Keeps intracellular ___ high and intracellular ___ low by moving _ Na+ out and _ K+ in
  2. Maintains normal cell volume. How?
  3. Insulin stimulates Na+/K+ pump and corrects ________ by moving K+ into the cells
A

K+, Na+, 3, 2

Water follows Sodium

Hyperkalemia

81
Q

Primary Active Transport

Na+/K+ ATPase (Sodium Pump)

  1. Beta agonist ritodrine (Yutopar), terbutaline, and epinephrine _______ Na+/K+ pump, leading to _______

Controversially, beta blockers may cause ________

______ and _____ inhibit the Na+/K+ pump

A

Stimulate, Hypokalemia

Hyperkalemia

Quabain and Digitalis

82
Q

Secondary Active Transport

Mechanism for transport of ______

Glucose requires binding with ____ to enter the cell

A

Glucose

Sodium (Na+)

83
Q

Secondary Active Transport

Co-transport (co-porters)

Substance is transported in the ____ direction as the “driver” ion (Na+)

Examples include?

A

Same

Glucose, Amino Acids, HCO3-

84
Q

Secondary Active Transport

Counter-transport (anti-porters)

Substance is transported in the _____ direction as the “driver” ion (Na+)

Ex: Na+/Ca++ Exchange pump

A

Opposite

85
Q

Cardiac Glycosides

  1. Inhibition of Na+/K+ ATPase in the myocardial cell membrane

Intracellular __ increases, diminishing the ___ gradient across the cell membrane

  1. Na/Ca exchange depends on the size of the _______
  2. The increased intracellular Na leads to an increase in intracelluar ___ also, leading to more forceful cardiac contractions
A

Na, Na

Na gradient

Ca++

86
Q

Overview

Simple Diffusion

Occurs down an _________ gradient, going “downhill”

Is not _____ mediated

Does not require _____ energy (passive process)

A

electrochemical

carrier

metabolic

87
Q

Overview

Facilitated Diffusion

Occurs down an _______ gradient, going “down hill”

Is _____ mediated

Does not require _____ energy (passive process)

Is more ____ than simple diffusion

Ex: _____ transport in muscle cells

A

electrochemical

carrier

metabolic

rapid

glucose

88
Q

Overview

Facilitated Diffusion

In Diabetes Mellitus, glucose uptake by muscle and adipose cells is impaired because the carriers for facilitated diffusion of glucose (GLUT4) require _____

A

Insulin

89
Q

Overview

Primary Active Transport

Works ____ concentration gradient “uphill”

Requires ____ energy in form of ATP

_____ mediated

A

Against

Metabolic

Carrier

90
Q

Overview

Primary Active Transport

Ca++ ATPase (Ca++ pump) in ______ _______ transport Ca++ against ______ gradient

H+, K+ ATPase (proton pump) in _____ cells transport H+ into the lumen of the stomach against its electrochemical gradient

Inhibited by PPI _____, used to Tx ____

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum, concentration

Gastric

Omeprazole, PUD

91
Q

Overview

Secondary Active Transport

Transport of two or more is _____

One of the solutes is transported _____ and provides energy for the _____ transport of the other solute

A

Coupled

Downhill, Uphill

92
Q

Overview

Secondary Active Transport

Metabolic energy is not provided _____, but indirectly from the ___ gradient which is maintained across the cell membrane

A

Directly

Na+

93
Q

Overview

If solutes move in the same direction it’s ______ or ______

Glucose is transported _____ (the concentration of glucose is very high within these cells)

Inhibition of Na+ gradient leads to inhibition of _____ transport

A

Cotransport or Symport

94
Q

Overview

If solutes move in the opposite direction, it’s _____ or _______

Na+/Ca++ exchange and Na+/H+ exchange

Energy comes from “downhill” movement of ___

Poisoning the Na+/K+ pump inhibits the ___ gradient, therefore inhibiting _____ exchange

A

Countertransport or antiport, or EXCHANGE

Na+

Na+, Na+/Ca++

A/P & Patho Test 1 (2 decks)

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