Week One A/P Flashcards
Total body weight in Kg is ___% non-water mass and ___% total body water
Within the total body water content, ___ is extracellular fluid and ___ is intracellular fluid
Within the extracellular fluid, ____ is plasma volume and ___ is interstitial volume
**42L total (28L ICF and 14L ECF)
35%, 65%
1/3, 2/3
1/4, 3/4
Body water content is _____ in new borns and _____ in women, why?
What are the major anions in Intracellular fluid?
What are the major anions in Extracellular fluid?
Increased, Decreased
Re: Women have more fat and fat is low in water content
Protein and Organic Phosphate
Cl- and HCO3-
Homeostasis
______ provide information about stimuli (perceive the abnormality)
______ tells what a particular value should be (includes a set point, located in the brain and spinal cord)
______ elicit responses that change conditions in the internal environment (attempting to fix abnormality)
Receptors
Control Center
Effectors
Negative Feedback Control
Promotes ______, prevents ____-_______, or over-secretion
Most common type of control system
Ex: Anterior Pituitary- TSH-Thyroid Gland-T3/T4 production
Stability, Over-Excitation
Positive Feedback Control
Rare, explosive, forms viscous ______
Example: LH surge prior to ovulation, blood clotting, labor contractions
Anterior Pituitary-FSH/LH-Ovary-Estrogen (which increases feedback loop so that more hormone is produced)
Cycle
_____ and ____ form outer layer of the cell membrane
Lipids, Proteins
Proteins provide ______ to a membrane
Proteins are defined by mode of association with the _____ bilayer
______ proteins (channels, pores, carriers, enzymes)
_______ (enzymes, intracellular signal mediators)
Specificity
Lipid
Integral
Peripheral
Naming of the cell is based on the attached _________
Approximately 10% of carbohydrates are _______
The major of integral proteins are ________
The remaining carbohydrates are ________
Carbohydrate
Glycolipids
Glycoproteins
Proteoglycans
Carbohydrates
______ charge of the carbohydrate chains repel other ______ charges
Involved in cell-cell attachments, refered to as a “____-____”
Carbohydrates also play a role in ______ reactions
Negative, Negative
Cell Marker
Immune
Cholesterol
Present in cell ______
Decreases membrane ______ and _______ (except in plasma membrane)
Increases membrane _____ and ______
Membranes
Fluidity, Permeability
Flexibility and Stability
Cell Membrane
Works as a “____ ____,” meaning that it possesses _______
Gate Keeper, Selectivity
Cell Membrane
Name the three lipids that comprise the cell membrane
Phospholipid (most abundant)
Glycolipid
Cholesterol
Cell Membrane
Name the three proteins that comprise the cell membrane?
Channels
Receptors
Enzymes
Cell Membrane
_____ Bilayer: barrier to water and water-soluble substances
______ have a glycerol backbone, which is _____ (water-soluble) heads, and two fatty acid tails, which are ______ (water insoluble)
Lipid
Phospholipids, Hydrophilic, Hydrophobic
___ is what determines if a drug is in _____ or _____ form
pH, Ionized, Un-ionized
Lipid Soluble Substances
Examples would be?
______forms of drugs can cross the cell membrane because they are able to dissolve in the ______ lipid bilayer
O2, CO2, and Nitrogen, steroid hormones, isoflourane, non-polar molecules
Unionized, Hydrophobic
Water Soluble Substances
Examples would be?
______forms of drugs cannot cross the cell membrane because they are unable to dissolve in the lipid bilayer
Water solublke substances may cross the cell membrane through _____, _____, or may be _____ by carriers
Ions (Na+, K+, Cl-), glucose, polar molecules, water
Ionized
Channels, Pores, Transported
Local Anesthetic can be in ______ form (LAH+) or ______ form (LA) - Ex: Lidocaine
The ______ form is able to cross the cell membrane
What substances can cross blood-brain and placental barriers?
Ionized, Un-Ionized
Un-Ionized
Anesthetic gases
Integral proteins include hormone ______
Ions and water-soluble substances can still get across the cell membrane by other mechanisms such as _____ or ____
Receptors
Channels, Carriers
_______ ingestion by the cell
______ ingestion of samller particles
_______ ingestion of larger particles (bacteria)
_______ binding of IgG antibody on the surface of bacteria, enhancing phagocytosis
_______ extrusion of cellular contents (excretion)
This process is ____ dependent
Endocytosis
Pinocytosis
Phagocytosis
Opsonization
Exocytosis
ATP
Mechanism of Pinocytosis
What is the function of clathrin?
It is a protein that helps form the vesicle so the protein can close inside of the cell
Lysosome roll in WBCs
Bacteria attaches to neutrophil. _____ then begin to form, which engulf the bacterium (cell eating).
The bacteria is engulfed (hugged) by a phagocytic vesicle
The phagocytic vesicle fuses with ______
Bacteria is killed and digested
Digested particles are eliminated via _______
Pseudopods
Lysosomes
Exocytosis (Excretion)
The rough endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for ______ formation
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is reponsible for ______ formation
Protein
Lipid
The human 80S Ribosome
Factory of _____ synthesis
Scans or ______ information then makes protein based on coding that is received
Protein
Transcribes
70S (Bacterial) Ribosome
Includes what sub units?
30S and 50S subunit
80S (Human) Ribosome
Role in protein synthesis
Has what subunits?
40S and 60S subunit
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Network of microtubules where _____ are processed
Site of intracellular ______ storage
______ ER has no ribosomes
______ has ribosomes
Proteins
Calcium
Smooth
Rough
Golgi Apparatus
“Packaging center”
Has ______ functions
Receives _____ and _____ from the ER and modifies and “packs” them into sealed droplets called ______
Secretory
Lipids and Proteins, Vesicles
Lysosomes
______ system of cell; contains ______
Allows ______ of bacteria
Removes ______ tissues (recycling centers)
Digestive, Hydrolases
Phagocytosis
Damaged
Peroxisomes
Similar to lysosomes
Aid in ______ (Ex: Alcohol)
Detoxification
Secretory Vesicles
Exocytosis is stimulated by _____
Calcium
Mitochondria
_______ of the cell
Mitochondria contain their own ____
Contain an electron _____ chain
Convert food into energy in the form of ____ via the process of _____ ________
___ and ___ inhibit ATP synthesis
Powerhouse
DNA
Transport
ATP, Oxidative Phosphorylation
CN- and CO
Mitochondria
Mitochondrial disease inheritance comes from the mother (maternal inheritance). But why?
Sperm have no mitochondria but female eggs do
Microtubules
Provide a _____ and rigid support to cell
What type of drugs act on microtubules?
_____-_____ syndrome; causative factor is defective microtubules, leading to decreased ______ and increased occurence of ______ (No skeleton= No celluilar protection, leading to immunocompromisation)
Skeleton
Anti fungals, Antihelminthic, Anti cancer, Anti breast cancer, Anti gout)
Chediak-Higashi
Phagocytosis, Infection
Nucleus
“_____ and _____ center” of the cell
Contains ____
_______ are condensed genetic material
Command, Control
DNA
Chromosomes
Nuclear Membrane has thousands of _____
Pores
______ (condensed DNA) is found in nucleoplasm
Chromatin
Nucleoli
Accumulation of ____
Forms ______
RNA
Ribosomes
Lysosomes
“_____” keepers of the cell
Lysosomal storage diseases are due to absence of one or more ______
Example of disease: _______
House
Hydrolases
Tay-Sachs
Intercellular Connection
____ _____ are attachments between cells, often epithelial cells
These connections may be ____ (impermeable) or _____ (permeable)
Tight Junctions
Tight, Leaky
Gap Junctions (communicating junctions)
The attachments between cells that permit ______ ________
Permits current flow and electrical coupling between _______ cells
Offers least ______ flow of ions (free flow)
In an acute MI, these gap junctions close, leading to increased _____ resistance (what causes arrythmias, heart blocks, etc.)
Intercellular communication
Myocardial
Resistance
Flow
Fatty Acid Oxidation
Degradation and oxidation of fatty acids is called ________, and occurs only in the _______
Fatty acid transportation into the mitochondria is mediated by a ______ shuttle
The fatty acid molecule is degraded in the mitochondria and this results in two molecules of _______
B-oxidation, Mitochondria
Carnitine
Acetyl-CoA
Fatty Acid Oxidation
The Acetyl-CoA molecules formed by B-oxidation in the mitochondria then enter the ____ ____ ____
Tremendous amounts of ____ (146 molecules) are formed by B-oxidation from ____ molecule of fatty acids
Citric Acid Cycle
ATP
One
Fatty Acid Oxidation
Fatty acid synthesis occurs in ______, while its degradation (beta oxidation) occurs in the ______
Cytoplasm, Mitochondria
ATP Production
The end product of carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism is _______
ATP is used for what 3 functions?
Does the body store ATP?
What function utilizes the most ATP?
Acetyl-CoA
Transportation of substances across membrane (Example: water soluble substances, AKA membrane transport)
Synthesis of compounds (protein synthesis)
Muscle contraction
*No, the body does NOT store ATP
Membrane transport
Cilia Structure
A function of cilia is to _____ secretions
______ is an ATPase that causes ciliary movement
Smoking _____ cilia, leading to no “house keeping” of respiratory tract, leading to higher risk of _____
Clean
Dynein
Decreases, Infection
Cilia Structure
Kartagener’s syndrome (immotile cilia syndrome) is due to a _____ arm defect
What conditions might this syndrome lead to?
Dynein
*Sinus Inversus
*Sterility in male and female (No active cilia for transport of egg or sperm)
*Recurrent sinusitis
*Brochiectasis
DNA
_____ stranded, located mainly inside the _____
NB are adenine, guanine, cytosine, and _____
Contains _____ sugar
Double, Nucleus
Thymine
Deoxyribose
RNA
_____ stranded, located mainly inside the _____ and _____
NB are adenine, guanine, cytosine, and _____
Contains _____ sugar
Single
Nucleus and cytoplasm
Uracil
Ribose
Purines
Pure “As Gold” (Adenine and Guanine)
Purines have ____ rings
Two
Pyrimidines
CUT the PY (Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil)
Pyrimidines have ___ ring
One
Helical double stranded DNA
The outside strands are composed of _______ and ______
The internal molecules connecting the two strands of helix are ____ and ______ bases, which determine the ____ of the gene
Phosphoric acid, deoxyribose
Purine, Pyrimidine
Coding
Helical double stranded DNA
_____ binds to _____
_____ binds to _____
Adenine (A), Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C), Guanine (G)
DNA Replication
DNA can ______ itself (only molecule that can do this)
______ are always added to the 3’ end
New DNA is “proof-read” by ________
Repairs are made by ________
____________ create a nick in the helix to relieve supercoils
Duplicate
Nucleotides
DNA Polymerase
DNA Ligase
DNA Topoisomerases
____ carries genetic code from the gene to the cytoplasm
RNA
Transcription (mRNA formation)
________ binds to the promoter sequence
RNA Polymerase ______ the DNA double helix
The polymerase _____ the DNA strand and adds complimentary ____ molecules to the DNA template
______ RNA molecules react with the growing end of the RNA strand
_______ ends when the RNA polymerase reaches a terminating ______
RNA Polymerase
Unwinds
Reads, RNA
Activated
Transcription, Codon
Multiple ______ can simultaneously translate a single mRNA
Ribosomes
Types of RNA
______ RNA, which carries gentic code from nucleus to cytoplasm
Contains _____ (code triplets for amino acids)
Each codon codes for ____ amino acid
____ is a start codon
____, ____, ____, are stop codons
Messenger
Codons
One
AUG
UAA, UAG, UGA
Types of RNA
______ RNA acts as a _____ to transport amino acids to ribosomes
Transfer, Carrier
Types of RNA
______ RNA which are present in ribosomes (protein factories) synthesize _____
This process is called ________
Ribosomal
Proteins
Translation
Protein Synthesis
The formation of mRNA is called _______ and is controlled by _________
mRNA moves to the cytoplasm and dictates the formation of proteins. This process is called ______
Protein synthesis occurs in ______
_____ attaches the amino acid to mRNA
______ bonds are formed between amino acids by what enzyme?
Transcription, RNA Polymerase
Translation
Ribosomes
tRNA
Peptide; Peptidyl Transferase
Agents and Their Effects
Aminoglycosides, Tetracycline
Bind to 30S subunit of bacterial ribosome, inhibiting protein synthesis
Agents and Their Effects
Chloramphenicol, Erythomycine, Lincomycin, Clindamycin
Binds to 50S subunit of bacterial ribosome, inhibiting protein synthesis
**Buy AT 30, CELL at 50**
Agents and Their Effects
Sulfonamide
Inhibits bacterial synthesis of folic acid
Agents and Their Effects
Quinolones (Cipro, Norfloxacin, Nalidixic acid)
Inhibit bacterial DNA gyrase (Topoisomerase II)
**Topoisomerases are enzymes that maintain the helical structure of DNA
Agents and Their Effects
Rifampin
Blocks bacterial mRNA synthesis
Agents and Their Effects
Penicillin, Cephalosporin, Vancomycin
Interfere with bacterial cell wall synthesis
Agents and Their Effects
Polymyxin
Disrupts permeability of bacterial cell membrane, causing leakage of cell contents
Agents and Their Effects
Metronidazole (Flagyl)
Disrupts miscrosomal DNA synthesis
- Why don’t anitibotics work against viral infections?
- Why PCN is not effective against mycoplasma?
- How does Staph aureus develop resistance against PCN?
- What is the action of clavulanic acid?
- Viruses do not have ribosomes or cell walls
- Mycoplasma do not have cell walls
- By producing B-lactamase enzymes to destroy the ABX
- B-lactamase inhibitor, must give first before giving second ABX to be effective
Cell Reproduction
Permanent cells remain in ___ state, and regenerate only from ____ cells
Examples of these cell types?
G(0) state, Stem
Neurons, Skeletal and cardiac muscle, RBCS
Cell Reproduction
Stable (Quiescent) Cells
Enter ___ from ___ when stimulated
Examples of these cell types include?
Enter G(1) from G(0)
Hepatocytes, lymphocytes
Cell Reproduction
Never go to ___, divide rapidly with a short ____
Examples of these cells include?
G(0); G(1)
Bone marrow, gut epithelium, skin, hair follicles
Mitosis
Division of cell resulting in production of two _____ cells
The number of _______ remain the same
Consists of 5 major stages
Daughter
Chromosomes
IPPMAT
There is no _____ in cytoplasm
Calcium
Substance (ECF vs. ICF)
Na+
K+
Ca++, ionized
142 mEq (ECF), 10 mEq (ICF)
4 meq (ECF), 140 mEq (ICF)
2.5 mEq (ECF), 1 x 10(-4) (ICF)
Simple Diffusion
_____ soluble molecules move readily across the membrane (rate depends on lipid _______)
______ soluble molecules move across the cell membrane via _____ or _____
Lipid
Solubility
Water, Channels, Pores
Facilitated Diffusion
The carrier protein makes a ______ change to allow the “gates” to open for facilitated diffusion
Conformational
Proteins provide ______ and ______ to a membrane
Specificity, Function
Primary Active Transport
Na+/K+ ATPase (Sodium Pump)
- Keeps intracellular ___ high and intracellular ___ low by moving _ Na+ out and _ K+ in
- Maintains normal cell volume. How?
- Insulin stimulates Na+/K+ pump and corrects ________ by moving K+ into the cells
K+, Na+, 3, 2
Water follows Sodium
Hyperkalemia
Primary Active Transport
Na+/K+ ATPase (Sodium Pump)
- Beta agonist ritodrine (Yutopar), terbutaline, and epinephrine _______ Na+/K+ pump, leading to _______
Controversially, beta blockers may cause ________
______ and _____ inhibit the Na+/K+ pump
Stimulate, Hypokalemia
Hyperkalemia
Quabain and Digitalis
Secondary Active Transport
Mechanism for transport of ______
Glucose requires binding with ____ to enter the cell
Glucose
Sodium (Na+)
Secondary Active Transport
Co-transport (co-porters)
Substance is transported in the ____ direction as the “driver” ion (Na+)
Examples include?
Same
Glucose, Amino Acids, HCO3-
Secondary Active Transport
Counter-transport (anti-porters)
Substance is transported in the _____ direction as the “driver” ion (Na+)
Ex: Na+/Ca++ Exchange pump
Opposite
Cardiac Glycosides
- Inhibition of Na+/K+ ATPase in the myocardial cell membrane
Intracellular __ increases, diminishing the ___ gradient across the cell membrane
- Na/Ca exchange depends on the size of the _______
- The increased intracellular Na leads to an increase in intracelluar ___ also, leading to more forceful cardiac contractions
Na, Na
Na gradient
Ca++
Overview
Simple Diffusion
Occurs down an _________ gradient, going “downhill”
Is not _____ mediated
Does not require _____ energy (passive process)
electrochemical
carrier
metabolic
Overview
Facilitated Diffusion
Occurs down an _______ gradient, going “down hill”
Is _____ mediated
Does not require _____ energy (passive process)
Is more ____ than simple diffusion
Ex: _____ transport in muscle cells
electrochemical
carrier
metabolic
rapid
glucose
Overview
Facilitated Diffusion
In Diabetes Mellitus, glucose uptake by muscle and adipose cells is impaired because the carriers for facilitated diffusion of glucose (GLUT4) require _____
Insulin
Overview
Primary Active Transport
Works ____ concentration gradient “uphill”
Requires ____ energy in form of ATP
_____ mediated
Against
Metabolic
Carrier
Overview
Primary Active Transport
Ca++ ATPase (Ca++ pump) in ______ _______ transport Ca++ against ______ gradient
H+, K+ ATPase (proton pump) in _____ cells transport H+ into the lumen of the stomach against its electrochemical gradient
Inhibited by PPI _____, used to Tx ____
Sarcoplasmic reticulum, concentration
Gastric
Omeprazole, PUD
Overview
Secondary Active Transport
Transport of two or more is _____
One of the solutes is transported _____ and provides energy for the _____ transport of the other solute
Coupled
Downhill, Uphill
Overview
Secondary Active Transport
Metabolic energy is not provided _____, but indirectly from the ___ gradient which is maintained across the cell membrane
Directly
Na+
Overview
If solutes move in the same direction it’s ______ or ______
Glucose is transported _____ (the concentration of glucose is very high within these cells)
Inhibition of Na+ gradient leads to inhibition of _____ transport
Cotransport or Symport
Overview
If solutes move in the opposite direction, it’s _____ or _______
Na+/Ca++ exchange and Na+/H+ exchange
Energy comes from “downhill” movement of ___
Poisoning the Na+/K+ pump inhibits the ___ gradient, therefore inhibiting _____ exchange
Countertransport or antiport, or EXCHANGE
Na+
Na+, Na+/Ca++
