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BIOL 112 > Week Two > Flashcards

Week Two Flashcards

1
Q

List the 4 major categories of macromolecules in cells

A

1.
2.
3.
4.

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2
Q

Define protein

A

The key structural and functional molecules that do the work of the cell, providing structural support and catalyzing chemical reactions. The term “protein” is often used as a synonym for “polypeptide.”

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3
Q

Define nucleic acid

A

A polymer of nucleotides that encodes and transmits genetic information.

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4
Q

Define carbohydrate

A

An organic molecule containing C, H, and O atoms that provides a source of energy for metabolism and that forms the starting point for the synthesis of all other organic molecules.

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5
Q

Define lipids

A

An organic molecule that stores energy, acts as a signaling molecule, and is a component of cell membranes.

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6
Q

Define polymer

A

A complex organic molecule made up of repeated simpler units connected by covalent bonds.

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7
Q

Define amino acid

A

An organic molecule containing a central carbon atom, a carboxyl group, an amino group, a hydrogen atom, and a side chain. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.

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8
Q

Define nucleotide

A

A constituent of nucleic acids, consisting of a 5-carbon sugar, a nitrogen-containing base, and one or more phosphate groups.

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9
Q

Define sugar

A

The simplest carbohydrate molecule; also called a saccharide.

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10
Q

Define fatty acid

A

A long chain of carbons attached to a carboxyl group

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11
Q

What carbon based molecule makes up the cell wall in bacteria, plants and algae?

A

carbohydrates

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12
Q

What are the 4 main carbon-based molecules that chemical processes in a cell depend on?

A
  1. protein
  2. nucleic acid
  3. carbohydrates
  4. lipids
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13
Q

Proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates are all _____ because they consist of smaller repeating units.

A

polymers

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14
Q

What are proteins polymers of?

A

amino acids

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15
Q

What are nucleic acids polymers of?

A

nucleotides

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16
Q

What are carbohydrates polymers of?

A

simple sugars (saccharides)

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17
Q

What are lipids defined by?

A

a property (not chemical structure)

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18
Q

Define functional group

A

Groups of one or more atoms that have particular chemical properties of their own, regardless of what they are attached to.

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19
Q

Why are functional groups containing N, O, P, and S polar?

A

because N, O, P, and S are more electronegative than carbon

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20
Q

What is the significance of the polarity of functional groups to cells?

A

The polarity makes them soluble in the cell’s aqueous environment so they can then disperse in solution throughout the cell. Also because they are polar they are also reactive.

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21
Q

When proteins function as catalysts what are they called?

A

enzymes

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22
Q

define enzyme

A

A protein that functions as a catalyst to accelerate the rate of a chemical reaction; enzymes are critical in determining which chemical reactions take place in a cell.

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23
Q

Define alpha carbon

A

The central carbon atom of each amino acid.

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24
Q

Define carboxyl group

A

COOH; a carbon atom with a double bond to oxygen and a single bond to a hydroxyl group.

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25
Q

Define amino group

A

NH2; a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms, covalently linked to the central carbon atom of an amino acid.

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26
Q

Define R group/side chain

A

A chemical group attached to the central carbon atom of an amino acid, whose structure and composition determine the identity of the amino acid

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27
Q

At the pH commonly found in a cell, the amino and carboxyl groups of an amino acid are _____ with the amino group being _____ charged and the carboxyl group being _____ charged.

A

ionized
positively
negatively

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28
Q

Define peptide bond

A

A covalent bond that links the carbon atom in the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the nitrogen atom in the amino group of another amino acid.

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29
Q

What is the bond that covalently links carbon atom in the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the nitrogen atom in the amino group of another amino acid called?

A

a peptide bond

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30
Q

When peptide bonds are formed what is released in order to make the bonds?

A

Water

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31
Q

What common molecule is released in the formation of polymers from amino acids, nucleic acids and complex carbohydrates?

A

water

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32
Q

How many amino acids are cellular proteins composed of?

A

20

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33
Q

How are amino acids classified?

A

According to them chemical properties of their R groups (side chains)

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34
Q

Define DNA

A

A linear polymer of four subunits; the information archive in all organisms.

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35
Q

Define RNA

A

A molecule chemically related to DNA that is synthesized by proteins from a DNA template.

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36
Q

Define base

A

A nitrogen-containing compound that makes up part of a nucleotide.

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37
Q

Define pyrimidine

A

In nucleic acids, any of the bases thymine, cytosine, and uracil, which have a single-ring structure.

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38
Q

Define cytosine (C)

A

A pyrimidine base.

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39
Q

Define thymine (T)

A

A pyrimidine base.

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40
Q

Define uracil (U)

A

A pyrimidine base in RNA, where it replaces the thymine found in DNA.

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41
Q

Define guanine (G)

A

A purine base.

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42
Q

Define adenine (A)

A

A purine base.

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43
Q

Define phosphodiester bond

A

A bond that forms when a phosphate group in one nucleotide is covalently joined to the sugar unit in another nucleotide. Phosophodiester bonds are relatively stable and form the backbone of a DNA strand.

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44
Q

Define double helix

A

The structure formed by two strands of complementary nucleotides that coil around each other.

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45
Q

Define Complementary

A

Describes the relationship of purine and pyrimidine bases, in which the base A pairs only with T and G pairs only with C.

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46
Q

Define Complementary

A

Describes the relationship of purine and pyrimidine bases, in which the base A pairs only with T and G pairs only with C.

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47
Q

DNA and RNA are long molecules consisting of _____ bonded covalently.

A

nucleotides

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48
Q

What are the 3 components of nucleotides?

A
  1. 5-carbon sugar
  2. a nitrogen containing base
  3. one or more phosphate groups
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49
Q

What is the sugar in RNA?

A

ribose

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50
Q

What is the sugar in DNA?

A

deoxyribose

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51
Q

What is the difference between ribose and deoxyribose?

A

ribose has a hydroxyl (OH) group on the second carbon (designated the 2′ carbon), whereas deoxyribose has a hydrogen atom at this position (hence, deoxyribose)

52
Q

What is the difference between pyrimidine’s and purine’s structure?

A

pyrimidine has a single ring structure and purine a double ring structure

53
Q

What bases does DNA contain?

A

A, T, G and C

54
Q

What bases does RNA contain?

A

A, U, G, and C

55
Q

What is the name of the bond which connects nucleotides?

A

phosphodiester bond

56
Q

What base is complementary to adenine?

A

thymine

57
Q

What base is complementary to thymine?

A

adenine

58
Q

What base is complementary to guanine?

A

cytosine

59
Q

What base is complementary to cytosine?

A

guanine

60
Q

Define carbohydrate

A

An organic molecule containing C, H, and O atoms that provides a source of energy for metabolism and that forms the starting point for the synthesis of all other organic molecules.

61
Q

What is another name for sugars?

A

saccharides

62
Q

Define saccharide

A

The simplest carbohydrate molecule, also called a sugar.

63
Q

What are the two shapes sugars are and which one occurs more commonly?

A

sugars are linear or cyclic.

Cyclic sugars are much more common

64
Q

A simple sugar is also called a _____, and two simple sugars linked together by a _____ bond is called a _____.

A

monosaccharide
covalent
disaccharide

65
Q

What are the polymers simple sugars combine to make called?

A

polysaccharides

66
Q

What are two functions of polysaccharides?

A
  1. provides long term energy storage (starch or glycogen)

2. structural support (cellulose in plant cell walls)

67
Q

What are long, branched chains of monosaccharides called?

A

complex carbohydrates

68
Q

Define complex carbohydrates

A

A long, branched chain of monosaccharides.

69
Q

Monosaccharides are _____ carbon chains with either an _____ or a _____ group

A

unbranched
aldehyde
ketone

70
Q

Monosaccharides with an aldehyde group are called _____ and those with a ketone group are known as _____

A

aldoses

ketoses

71
Q

In aldoses and ketoses what is each carbon bonded to if it is not bonded to the functional group?

A

hydroxyl (-OH) and a hydrogen atom (-H)

72
Q

How do you number the carbons in a monosaccharide?

A

By starting at the top (where the aldehyde or ketone is) and numbering down the carbons.

73
Q

Define glycosidic bond

A

A covalent bond that attaches one monosaccharide to another.

74
Q

When glycosidic bonds are formed what molecule is released?

A

water

75
Q

When rings are formed from a aldose what happens to the aldhyde?

A

the aldehyde oxygen becomes part of a hydroxyl group

76
Q

What is the reason sugar rings (cyclic saccharides) are highly soluble in water?

A

The presence of polar hydroxyl groups

77
Q

Complex carbohydrates are composed of…

A

a single type of monosaccharides or a mix of different types of monosaccharides

78
Q

Why are lipids a chemically diverse group of molecules?

A

because they share a property not a structure

79
Q

Define triacylglycerol

A

A lipid composed of a glycerol backbone and three fatty acids.

80
Q

What is triaclyglycerol used for?

A

for energy storage

81
Q

What is a fatty acid?

A

a long chain of carbon atoms attached to a carboxyl group (-COOH) at one end

82
Q

Define glycerol

A

A 3-carbon molecule with OH groups attached to each carbon.

83
Q

How do fatty acids differ from one another?

A

they differ in the length of their hydrocarbon chain (i.e. they differ in the number of carbons they have)

84
Q

Why do most fatty acids in cells contain an even number of carbon atoms?

A

beacuse they are synthesized by the stepwise addition of 2-carbon units

85
Q

Define saturated

A

Describes fatty acids that do not contain double bonds; the maximum number of hydrogen atoms is attached to each carbon atom, “saturating” the carbons with hydrogen atoms.

86
Q

Define unsaturated

A

Describes fatty acids that contain carbon–carbon double bonds.

87
Q

What is the difference in shape between unsaturated and saturated fatty acids?

A

Saturated fatty acids are straight and unsaturated fatty acids have a kink at every double bond

88
Q

Fatty acids do not have polar covalent bonds mean that the electrons are…?

A

evenly distributed over the entire molecule

89
Q

Because of the nonpolarity of triaclyglycerols they are extremely hydrophobic which means….

A

a large number of these molecules can be packed into a small volume because of their exclusion of water

90
Q

Fatty acids experience temporary dipoles which results in the temporary polarization of other fatty acids and the subsequent _____ of these fatty acids. These van der waal forces ____ the boiling point of these fatty acids

A

attraction

increase

91
Q

Why do saturated fatty acids have higher boiling points than unsaturated fatty acids?

A

The shape of the unsaturated fatty acids inhibits the tight packing of the fatty acids reducing intermolecular forces and therefore the boiling point

92
Q

Define van der waals forces

A

The binding of temporarily polarized molecules because of the attraction of opposite charges.

93
Q

Defien steroid

A

A type of lipid.

94
Q

Like other steroids, cholesterol has a core composed of ____ carbon atoms bonded to form…

A

20

four fused rings, and it is hydrophobic.

95
Q

What cell membranes is cholesterol a part of? What does it do?

A

animal cell membranes

it serves a precurser for the synthesis of steroid hormones (such as estrogen and testosterone)

96
Q

Define phospholipid

A

A type of lipid and a major component of the cell membrane.

97
Q

Phospholipids are a major component of….

A

the cell membrane

98
Q

Define molecule

A

A substance made up of two or more atoms.

99
Q

Define chemical bond

A

Any form of attraction between atoms that holds them together.

100
Q

Define valance electrons

A

The electrons farthest from the nucleus, which are at the highest energy level.

101
Q

Define molecular orbital

A

A merged orbital traversed by a pair of shared electrons.

102
Q

Define covalent bond

A

A chemical bond formed by a shared pair of electrons holding two different atoms together.

103
Q

Define double bond

A

A covalent bond in which covalently joined atoms share two pairs of electrons.

104
Q

Define electronegativity

A

The ability of atoms to attract electrons.

105
Q

Electronegativity increases as you go ____ across a row or ____ a column

A

right

up

106
Q

Why does electronegativity increase going to the right across a row?

A

because the number of protons in the nucleus increases going to the right across a row

107
Q

Define polar covalent bond

A

Bonds that do not share electrons equally.

108
Q

Define nonpolar covalent bond

A

A covalent bond between atoms that have the same, or nearly the same, electronegativity.

109
Q

Define ionic bond

A

The association of two atoms resulting from the attraction of opposite charges.

110
Q

Define chemical reaction

A

The process by which molecules are transformed into different molecules.

111
Q

Define reactants

A

Any of the starting molecules in a chemical reaction.

112
Q

Define products

A

Any one of the transformed molecules that result from a chemical reaction.

113
Q

What is the single most abundant molecule in cells?

A

water

114
Q

Define polar

A

A molecule that has regions of positive and negative charge.

115
Q

What two classes do molecules fall into based on their interactions with water?

A

hydrophilic

hydrophobic

116
Q

Define hydrophilic

A

“Water loving”; describes a class of molecules with which water can undergo hydrogen bonding.

117
Q

Define hydrophobic

A

“Water fearing”; describes a class of molecules poorly able to undergo hydrogen bonding with water.

118
Q

hydrophilic compounds are ____; they dissolve readily in water

A

polar

119
Q

Water is a good ____ as it is capable of dissolving many substances

A

solvent

120
Q

Define aqueous

A

watery

121
Q

Define nonpolar

A

Describes compounds that do not have regions of positive and negative charge.

122
Q

hydrophobic compounds are _____

A

nonpolar

123
Q

Define hydrophobic effect

A

The exclusion of nonpolar molecules by polar molecules, which drives biological processes such as the formation of cell membranes and the folding of proteins.

124
Q

Define hydrogen bond

A

A weak bond between a hydrogen atom in one molecule and an electronegative atom in another molecule.

125
Q

three fatty acid chains attached to glycerol form a _____, a lipid used for ____ ______.

A

triacylglycerol

energy storage

BIOL 112 (12 decks)

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