Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOL 112 > Week One > Flashcards

Week One Flashcards

1
Q

What are all organisms made up of?

A

Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define cell theory

A

The theory that the cell is the fundamental unit of life in all organisms and that cells come from preexisting cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define Cell

A

The simplest self-replicating entity that can exist as an independent unit of life.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the essential features of a cell?

A
  1. The ability to store and transmit information
  2. a plasma membrane (separates the living material in the cell from the non living
    environment)
  3. The ability to harness energy from the environment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define DNA

A

A linear polymer of four subunits; the information archive in all organisms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define proteins

A

The key structural and functional molecules that do the work of the cell, providing structural support and catalyzing chemical reactions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the term “protein” often used as a synonym for?

A

polypeptide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How does the info in DNA direct the synthesis of proteins?

A

Existing protiens copy the info in the DNA to form RNA (this is called transcription). Next specialized molecular structures in the cell “read” the RNA to determine how to make the protein (this is called translation).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define RNA

A

A molecule chemically related to DNA that is synthesized by proteins from a DNA template.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Define transcription (in terms of molecular biology)

A

The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Define translation (in terms of molecular biology)

A

Synthesis of a polypeptide chain (protien) corresponding to the coding sequence present in a molecule of messenger RNA.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does RNA stand for?

A

Ribonucleic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Define central dogma (in terms of molecular biology)

A

The theory that information transfer in a cell usually goes from DNA to RNA to protein.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the simplest definition of a gene?

A

the DNA sequence that corresponds to a specific protein product

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Define gene

A

The unit of heredity; the stretch of DNA that affects one or more traits in an organism, usually through an encoded protein or noncoding RNA.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define replication (in terms of molecular biology)

A

The process of copying DNA so genetic information can be passed from cell to cell or from an organism to its progeny (offspring).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Define mutation

A

Any heritable change in the genetic material, usually a change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Can cells be different sizes?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Give an example of a single celled organism

A

bacteria, yeast, algae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Define plasma membrane

A

The membrane that defines the space of the cell, separating the living material within the cell from the nonliving environment around it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Many cells have internal membranes. What do these internal membranes do

A

they divide the cell into discrete compartments, each specialized for a particular function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does the membrane of a nucleus do?

A

it selectively controls movement of molecules into and out of the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Define nucleus (of a cell)

A

The compartment of the cell that houses the DNA in chromosomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Define cytoplasm

A

The contents of the cell other than the nucleus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Cells without a nucleus are called _____, and cells with a nucleus are called _____

A

prokaryotes

eukaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Are prokaryotes multicellular or unicellular?

A

Most are unicellular but some have simple multi cellular forms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Are eukaryotes unicellular or multicellular?

A

Both

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the large group of unicellular eukaryotic microorganisms called?

A

Protists

30
Q

What are the three domains of life?

A

Bacteria, archaea, eukarya

31
Q

Define bacteria

A

One of the three monophyletic domains of life, consisting of single-celled organisms with a single circular chromosome but no nucleus that divide by binary fission and differ from archaeons in many aspects of their cell and molecular biology.

32
Q

Define archaea

A

One of the three domains of life, consisting of single-celled organisms with a single circular chromosome and no true nucleus that divide by binary fission and differ from bacteria in many aspects of their cell and molecular biology.

33
Q

Define eukarya

A

The eukaryotes; one of the three domains of life, in which cells have a true nucleus and divide by mitosis.

34
Q

Archaea can flourish under ____ conditions

A

hostile

35
Q

Define metabolism

A

The chemical reactions occurring within cells that convert molecules into other molecules and transfer energy in living organisms.

36
Q

Define ATP

A

The molecule that provides energy in a form that all cells can readily use to perform the work of the cell. ATP is the universal energy currency for all cells.

37
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

adenosine triphosphate

38
Q

what type of cell are archaeons?

A

prokaryotes – they lack a nucleus

39
Q

How does having a nucleus change the processes of transcription and translation?

A

It allows for these processes to be separated by time and space which allows for more complex ways to regulate gene expression than are possible in prokaryotes

40
Q

Do prokaryotes have extensive internal compartmentalization?

A

no

41
Q

Do eukaryotes have extensive internal compartmentalization?

A

Yes

42
Q

Where is DNA concentrated in a prokaryote?

A

in a discrete region of the cell interior known as the nucleoid.

43
Q

Define nucleoid

A

In prokaryotes, a cell structure with multiple loops formed from supercoils of DNA.

44
Q

Define plasmids

A

In bacteria, a small circular molecule of DNA carrying a small number of genes that can replicate independently of the bacterial genomic DNA.

45
Q

what are the two ways in which bacteria commonly contain DNA

A

In the nucleoid and in plasmids

46
Q

How are plasmids commonly transferred between bacteria?

A

through the action of thread-like structures called pili which extend from one cell to another

47
Q

What are some defining characteristics of prokaryotes? (4 things)

A
  • They lack a nucleus
  • They are typically smaller than eukaryotes
  • they lack the extensive internal organization of eukaryotes
  • they have a relatively high ratio of surface area to volume
48
Q

What effect does the relatively high ratio of surface are to volume have on prokaryotes?

A

Allows for greater absorption of nutrients through the cell membrane relative to cell volume

49
Q

Define organelles

A

Any one of several compartments in eukaryotes that divide the cell contents into smaller spaces specialized for different functions.

50
Q

What do theinternal array of membranes in a eukaryote do?

A

they define compartments called organelles

51
Q

Define endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

The organelle involved in the synthesis of proteins and lipids.

52
Q

Define golgi apparatus

A

The organelle that modifies proteins and lipids produced by the ER and acts as a sorting station as they move to their final destinations.

53
Q

Define Lysosomes

A

A vesicle derived from the Golgi apparatus that contains enzymes that break down macromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and complex carbohydrates.

54
Q

Define peroxisomes

A

Organelles in eukaryotic cells that contain many different enzymes and are involved in metabolic reactions.

55
Q

Define mitochondria

A

Specialized organelles that harness energy for the cell from chemical compounds like sugars and convert it into ATP.

56
Q

Define cytoskeleton

A

In eukaryotes, an internal protein scaffold that helps cells to maintain their shape and serves as a network of tracks for the movement of substances within cells.

57
Q

Name 3 organelles that plant cells have that animal cells do not?

A
  1. a rigid cell wall outside the plasma membrane
  2. vacuoles specialized for water uptake
  3. chloroplasts that convert the suns energy into chemical energy
58
Q

define chloroplasts

A

An organelle that converts energy of sunlight into chemical energy by synthesizing simple sugars.

59
Q

Define cytosol

A

The region of the cell inside the plasma membrane but outside the organelles; the jelly-like internal environment that surrounds the organelles.

60
Q

What is the shape of the singular chromosome in bacteria?

A

Circular

61
Q

What type of bacteria contain internal membranes similar to those found in chloroplasts and mitochondria?

A

photosythetic

62
Q

In bacteria, how are cell processes such a metabolism carried out?

A

The are carried out by protiens that float freely in the cytoplasm or are embedded in the plasma membrane.

63
Q

In bacteria, what is the result of having no nuclear membrane on translation?

A

Transcribed mRNA is translated immediately into proteins by ribosomes.

64
Q

In bacteria what is structural support provided by?

A

structural support is provided by a cell wall made of peptidoglycan.

65
Q

Define peptidoglycan

A

A complex polymer of sugars and amino acids that makes up the cell wall of bacteria.

66
Q

Why do bacterial cells tend to be small?

A

Because a small cell has a greater ratio of surface area to volume which result in the interior parts of the cell being closer to the surrounding environment so slowly diffusing molecules do not have to go far to reach the cells interior.

67
Q

Why does an increase in cell size result in it becoming harder to supply the cell with materials it need for growth?

A

Because the surface area of a spherical cell (the area available for taking up molecules from the surroundings) increases with the square of the radius where as the volume (the amount of cytoplasm that needs to be supported by the diffusion) increases with the cube of the readius.

68
Q

Can bacteria be multicellular?

A

yes

69
Q

What similarities do archaeal cells share with bacteria? (3 things)

A
  • prokaryotic (circle chromosome)
  • cell size limited by diffusion
  • genetic diversity promoted by horizontal gene transfer
70
Q

What separates archaea from bacteria?

A
  • membranes made from lipids different from the fatty acids found in bacteria
  • diveristy of molecules in cell walls but none have the peptidoglycan characteristic of bacteria.
  • DNA transcription employs RNA polymerase and ribosomes more similar to eukaryotes than bacteria

BIOL 112 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions