Week Two Flashcards
What are the components of human communication?
Voice
- Source of spoken communication
- Phonation (creation of sound) and resonance (how we attenuate sound)
Articulation
- shaping the vocal tone
- Consonants and vowels
Language
- Making communication meaningful
- Syntax, semantics and pragmatics
Fluency
- expression is easy and articulate
Hearing
- Allows communication exchange
What interplay of systems is required for a healthy voice?
Respiration
- Air supply (also dependent on ‘whole body’ context)
Phonation
- Source of sound
Resonance
- Modification of sound
What are the four passive forces that work to result in expiration?
Elastic recoil
- Stretched lung tissue
Torque
- Rotated ribs
Intra-abdominal pressure
- Contracted diaphragm
Gravity
- On ribs
For most expiration, it only requires these passive forces
How and why can we prolong expiration?
For speech we need to prolong expiration by:
- greater intake of air compared to rest breathing
- Vocal cord resistance to prolong breathing
- Oral cavity resistance to prolong airflow
- Crossover of inspiratory muscles into exhalation
True/False: most often problems with respiratory support for speech is not about having enough air, but it is about the use and control of breath support
True
What are the laryngeal adductors?
- Lateral cricoarytenoid
- Transverse arytenoid
- Oblique arytenoid
What are the laryngeal abductors?
- posterior cricoarytenoid
What are the glottal tensors (increase pitch)?
Cricothyroid
What are the glottal relaxers (decrease pitch)?
Thyroarytenoid
What are the extrinsic laryngeal depressors?
Thyrohyoid
Sternohyoid
omohyoid
Sternothyroid
What are the extrinsic laryngeal elevators?
Digastric
Mylohyoid
Geniohyoid
Stylohyoid
Hyoglossus
How is the larynx innervated?
Superior laryngeal nerve
- motor: cricothyroid
- Sensory: glottis and supraglottic region of larynx
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
- Motor: innervates all intrinsic laryngeal muscles
- Sensory: subglottic region of larynx
Describe the structure of the vocal fold
Cover
- Epithelium and superficial layer of mucosa
Transition
- Deep layers of mucosa
Body
- Thyroarytenoid muscle
The anterior 2/3 of the VFs are membranous, while the posterior 1/3 is cartilaginous
The structure of the VFs is very important for VF vibration
What things affect one’s fundamental frequency?
length of the VFs
Mass of the VFs
Tension of the VFs
How do we change the pitch of our voices?
We change the longitudinal tension of the VFs
Increased tension = higher frequency
How do we change the volume of our voice?
We chnage the medial compression of the vocal folds (how tightly the VFs are closed)
Greater air release = higher volume
What is the cover body model
Lung capaticy diagram thing
What are the 9 voiceless sounds?
p, t, k, f, s, sh, th, h, tch
What is the purpose of resonance within speech?
The respiratory and phonatory systems work together to produce vocal tone
This vocal tone is then shaped and molded into human speech by the vocal tract
What are multiple harmonics?
Source filter theory
What is a vocal register?
A vocal register reflects the different modes of vocal fold vibration. There are three registers:
Fry (pulse): low frequency register
Modal (chest): the middle range and typical speaking range
Falsetto (loft): The highest register
