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NURS 4390 Adult Health Theory > Week Six Modules > Flashcards

Week Six Modules Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two most common inflammatory diseases?

A

crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis

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2
Q

where are the highest rates of chronic inflammatory bowel diseases found?

is the risk for chronic inflammatory bowel disease greater in urban or rural areas?

the risk for chronic inflammatory bowel disease is greatest for people of what background?

A

highest rates are found in the northern hemisphere and industrialized nations

greater in urban areas

risk is greater for ashkenazic jews and whites

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3
Q

what is irritable bowel syndrome?

what kinds of environmental factors change the microbial flora and make the body more susceptible?

A

an autoimmune disease to the patient’s own intestinal tract

stress, diet, smoking, and alcohol

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4
Q

what is the difference between crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis?

A

crohn’s disease causes fat wrapping, muscle hypertrophy, and cobblestone appearance of the GI tract

ulcerative colitis causes ulceration within the GI mucosa

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5
Q

ulcerative colitis mainly affects the _____, fistulas and abscesses are ____, and strictures are ____

A

mucosa; rare; occasional

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6
Q

crohn’s disease affects the _____ of the bowel wall, fistulas and abscesses are _____, and strictures are also ____

A

entire thickness; common; common

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7
Q

what is the etiology of ulcerative colitis?

what is the exact cause of ulcerative colitis?

A

widespread inflammation of mainly the rectum and colon

it is unknown

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8
Q

ulcerative colitis has immunologic causes meaning it can cause ______ and in long term disease, cellular changes can increase the risk of ______

A

autoimmune dysfunction; colon cancer

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9
Q

what are some signs and symptoms of ulcerative colitis?

A

abdominal distention, diarrhea/bloody diarrhea, and fever & tachycardia

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10
Q

when performing a psychosocial assessment on a patient that has been diagnosed with UC what are we looking for?

A

relationship of life events to disease exacerbations, stress factors that lead to s/s, and genetic basis/cancer risk

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11
Q

with ulcerative colitis, we expect the hgb and hct levels to be ____ due to the chronic ______ which can lead to anemia

A

low; blood loss

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12
Q

with ulcerative colitis, we also expect there to be an _____ in WBC, CRP, and ESR which tells us that the patient is suffering from an ______

A

increase; inflammatory disease

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13
Q

with ulcerative colitis, we also expect ____ levels of Na+, ___, and ____ due to the ___ and malabsorption

A

low; K+; Cl-; diarrhea

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14
Q

what are some diagnostic tests we can use to check for ulcerative colitis?

A

endoscopy/colonscopy and CT scans with barium enema

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15
Q

it’s important to prepare your patient for endoscopy/colonscopy because the ____ may be painful

A

bowel prep

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16
Q

what are some potential problems we might see in patients who have been diagnosed with ulcerative colitis?

A

diarrhea due to the inflammation of the bowel mucosa, acute or chronic pain from the inflammation, and potential for lower GI bleeding

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17
Q

what is the main nursing intervention we want to focus on when taking care of a patient with ulcerative colitis?

A

the main issue is to decrease the episodes of diarrhea

the occurrence of frequent bloody diarrhea and fecal incontinence can lead to tenesmus

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18
Q

what is tenesmus?

A

an urgent and unpleasant sensation to defecate

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19
Q

what are the three overall treatment goal of a patient with ulcerative colitis?

A

decrease diarrhea, formed stools, and control of bowel movements, which would allow for mucosal healing

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20
Q

what would be some things that consist of the “nursing game plan” for ulcerative colitis?

A

reduce intestinal motility, decrease inflammation, promote intestinal healing, and surgical vs. non surgical interventions

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21
Q

what are some non-surgical nursing interventions for ulcerative colitis?

A

medications like glucocorticoids, anti-diarrheal meds, and immunomodulators; monitor the patient’s nutrition, monitor color, consistency, and volume of stools, and monitor the skin in the peri-anal area

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22
Q

what are some surgical nursing interventions for ulcerative colitis?

A

pre-op teaching for surgery and hemorrhage, toxic megacolon, and ileostomy/colostomy teaching

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23
Q

when giving anti-diarrheal drugs you want to give them with caution because these drugs can cause ______ and ______

A

colon dilation; toxic megacolon

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24
Q

what are some examples of anti-diarrheal drugs?

A

lomotil and loperamide

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25
Q

what are some examples of glucocorticoid drugs that are used to treat ulcerative colitis?

A

prednisone, prednisolone, and budesonide

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26
Q

what are some adverse effects of glucocorticoids that we should be on the lookout for?

A

hyperglycemia, PUD, and increased risk of infection

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27
Q

if the ulcerative colitis patient is prescribed aminosalicylates, we must teach the patient to take _____ because sulfa decreases its absorption

A

folic acid supplements

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28
Q

treatment drugs like immunomodulators, ___ the patient’s immune response, when used in ____ with steroids, they offer _____ effects

A

alter; combination; synergistic effects

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29
Q

remember, immunomodulators cause ______

if the patient is taking immunomodulators, you must teach the patient to report s/s of ____, including a ____, and to avoid being in _____ or in the presence of others who are sick

A

immunosuppression

infection; cold; large crowds

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30
Q

with nutritional therapy, often times patients with _____ ulcerative colitis are kept _____ to rest the bowel

A

severe; NPO

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31
Q

some patients with UC find that _____ and _____ increase the diarrhea and cramping

A

alcohol and caffeine

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32
Q

patients who have less severe UC may be prescribed elemental formulas like _____ where the contents of the beverage are absorbed in the _____ and reduce the _____

A

vivonex; small intestine; bowel stimulation

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33
Q

with nutritional therapy, some UC patients will avoid _____ and _____ that can cause an increase in GI s/s

A

raw vegetables; high fiber foods

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34
Q

it’s important to remember that with ulcerative colitis, _____ containing foods may be poorly _____ and should be _____ from the patient’s diet

A

lactose; tolerated; eliminated

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35
Q

another nursing intervention for patients with ulcerative colitis would be ____

during exacerbations for “flare-ups”, patients are often placed on _____

A

rest; bed rest

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36
Q

putting a patient on bed rest restrictions reduces ____, provides comfort, and promotes ____

A

intestinal activity; healing

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37
Q

when the patient who has ulcerative colitis is placed on bed rest, you always want to make sure that the patient has easy access to a ____, _____, or the ______ in case of urgency or tenesmus

A

bedpan; bedside commode; bathroom

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38
Q

why might a patient with ulcerative colitis be a good candidate for surgery?

A

the patient might be a good candidate if they have complications such as hemorrhage, bowel perforation, and toxic megacolon

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39
Q

before the surgery occurs for a patient with ulcerative colitis, the surgeon must do what?

A

consult with a certified wound, ostomy, and continence nurse

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40
Q

what is toxic megacolon?

A

massive dilation of the colon

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41
Q

toxic megacolon can lead to ______ and _____

with toxic megacolon, the colon is ____ to remove gas or feces

if gas/feces builds up in colon, the colon may _____

A

gangrene and peritonitis

unable

rupture

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42
Q

it’s important to remember that a ruptured colon is ______

A

life-threatening

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43
Q

after our patient receives an ileostomy/colostomy, what is our job as a nurse?

A

manage and reinforce how to care for the ileostomy and colostomy

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44
Q

what is the etiology of crohn’s disease?

A

crohn’s disease is a chronic inflammatory disease of the small intestine, the colon, or both

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45
Q

crohn’s disease can affect anywhere in the GI tract from the ___ to the ___

crohn’s disease is _____ and is an _____ with involvement of multiple regions of the intestine

the exact cause of crohn’s disease is ______

like ulcerative colitis, crohn’s disease is recurrent with ______ and _____

A

mouth; anus

progressive; unpredictable disease

unknown

remissions and exacerbations

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46
Q

what does the appearance of crohn’s disease look like?

A

cobblestone like appearance and skip lesions

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47
Q

what are some s/s of crohn’s disease?

A

presents as inflammation that causes a thickened bowel wall

strictures and deep ulcerations (cobblestone appearance) occur

the patient is at risk for developing bowel fistulas (which are abnormal openings between two organs)

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48
Q

the patient with crohn’s disease is also at risk for developing strictures and fistulas which can result in what?

A

strictures/fistulas can result in severe diarrhea and malabsorption of vital nutrients often leading to anemia

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49
Q

what are some complications of crohn’s disease?

A

severe malabsorption by the small intestine, patients can also become very malnourished and debilitated which can lead to things like WEIGHT LOSS

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50
Q

what are some common s/s that patients most commonly report with crohn’s disease?

A

diarrhea, abdominal pain, and low-grade fever

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51
Q

when performing an assessment for crohn’s disease we must perform a thorough _______, look for signs of _____, muscle guarding, and _____

A

abdominal assessment; distention; rigidity

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52
Q

when we examine the crohn’s disease patient history what are we looking for?

A

any recent weight loss history, frequency and consistency of stools, presence of blood in the stool, and any recent fever

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53
Q

fever is common in ____, inflammation, and ____

A

fistulas; abscesses

54
Q

with our assessment of a crohn’s disease patient, we are also looking at their ______

the result of increased catabolism from chronic inflammation can lead to _____, and _____

anorexia and malabsorption can lead to _____ fluid and electrolyte imbalance, as well as, ______

A

nutrition

anemia; malabsorption

impaired; nutrient deficiencies

55
Q

patient’s with crohn’s disease need at least _____ calories a day for tissue repair and healing

A

3000

56
Q

medications like ____ or ______ may be needed to help supplement the patient with crohn’s as well

supplements like ____ and ___ are also encouraged

A

total enteral nutrition (TEN); total parenteral nutrition (TPN)

ensure; vivonex

57
Q

when performing a PSYCHOSOCIAL assessment of a patient with crohn’s disease what are we assessing?

A

it is our job to assess things like coping skills, identifying support systems, and looking for signs of clinical depression and anxiety which are common in patients with crohn’s

58
Q

in a patient with crohn’s disease, ____ is common from slow bleeding and poor nutrition

folic acid and vitamin b12 are also ____ from malabsorption

we can also expect to see ____ levels of albumin due to ____ and ____ loss

CRP and ESR levels will be _____ due to inflammation

A

anemia

low

decreased; amino acid; protein

increased

59
Q

we can also expect to see low levels of ____ and ____ due to severe diarrhea or a fistula

A

potassium; magnesium

60
Q

what are some medications that can be used in treatment of crohn’s disease?

A

azathioprine + mercatopurine are often prescribed for moderate to severe disease

monoclonal antibody drugs aka biologic response modifiers (which are only used when other drugs have been ineffective)

drugs like remicade and humira are also used to inhibit tumor necrosis factor (TNF)

61
Q

if the patient is receiving glucocorticoids for their crohn’s disease treatment you want to take caution because glucocorticoids tend to do what?

A

mask symptoms of sepsis or abscesses

62
Q

what is an example of a glucocorticoid?

A

prednisone

63
Q

_____ are commonly used in patients who have fistulas, infections, or abscesses in crohn’s disease

A

antibiotics

64
Q

what are some surgical interventions for crohn’s disease?

A

patient may need resections for a fistula

other indications that surgery is needed would be problems like perforation, massive hemorrhage, strictures, or abscesses

65
Q

what is the main nursing intervention for a patient with crohn’s disease?

A

TEACHING

66
Q

as a nurse, we need to teach the patient how to ____ their care at home

teach patients how to manage their ___, ____, and _____ of their disease

ensure that the patient has _____ access to the bathroom at home

educate the patient on when they should ____ their provider

A

manage

diet; stoma; complications

easy

notify

67
Q

diabetes mellitus is a _____ disease

diabetes mellitus is characterized by _____ insulin production and/or _____ insulin use

A

chronic multisystem

abnormal; impaired

68
Q

diabetes is a disorder of glucose metabolism due to ____ or _____ insulin supply

the ADA recognizes ___ different types of diabetes mellitus

A

absent; insufficient

4

69
Q

insulin is a hormone that is made by the _____ in the islets of _____ in the pancreas

when food is ingested, ____ insulin is released

what is the normal range for blood glucose?

A

beta cells; langerhans

more

74 - 106

70
Q

the liver and muscle cells store ____ glucose as ____

A

excess; glycogen

71
Q

type 1 diabetes is a ____ disease

with type 1 diabetes, the body makes ____ to the beta cells in the islets of langerhans

with type 1 diabetes the auto-antibodies ____ and ____ the beta cells

as a result, the insulin producing beta cells are ____, so the body is ____ to make its own insulin

A

auto-immune

antibodies

attack; destroy

destroyed; unable

72
Q

insulin is ____ in order for patients to live who have been diagnosed with type 1 diabetes

what is idiopathic type 1 diabetes?

A

required

form of type 1 diabetes that is inherited and not related to autoimmunity

73
Q

in what populations does idiopathic diabetes affect?

A

individuals of african, hispanic, or asian descent

74
Q

what are non-modifiable risk factors for type 1 diabetes?

A

family history, people with HLA-DR3 or HLA-DR4 antigens, viral infections such as mumps or cocksackie virus, and being Caucasian

75
Q

what is cocksackie virus?

A

RNA enterovirus that cause hand, foot, and mouth disease, usually occuring in children, but can also impact adults too

76
Q

what happens in type 2 diabetes?

A

one of two things:

  1. there is not enough insulin produced by the beta cells
  2. the insulin receptors are resistant to the insulin
77
Q

what are some modifiable risk factors for type 2 diabetes?

what is an acceptable level of HDL for WOMEN?

what is an acceptable HDL level for MEN?

A

physical inactivity; the american diet; obesity/excess weight; and lowering the HDL level

less than 50 mg/dL

less than 40 mg/dL

78
Q

what are the 5 components of metabolic syndrome?

what is the criteria for metabolic syndrome?

A

increased glucose levels; abdominal obesity; HTN; high trig levels; and decreased HDLs

having any 3 out of the 5 components

79
Q

METABOLIC SYNDROME

what is the fasting blood glucose?

what is the waist circumference for WOMEN / MEN?

what are the HTN requirements for both?

what are the triglycerides requirements for both?

A

> = 100

> = 35in/89 cm; > = 40in/102 cm

SBP >=130 mmHg; DBP >=85 mmHg

greater than 150 mg/dL

80
Q

what is the age of onset for type 1 diabetes?

what is the type of onset for type 1 diabetes?

what is the prevalence for type 1 diabetes?

is endogenous insulin present?

are there environmental factors that influence type 1 diabetes?

are islet cell antibodies present?

what is the primary defect?

A

more common in young people - can occur at any age

s/s are usually abrupt; disease process can be for several years

absent

yes, things like viruses and toxins

often present at onset

absent or minimal insulin production

81
Q

what is the age of onset for type 2 diabetes?

what is the type of onset for type 2 diabetes?

what is the prevalence for type 2 diabetes?

is endogenous insulin present?

are there environmental factors that influence type 2 diabetes?

are islet cell antibodies present?

what is the primary defect?

A

more common in adults

gradual, may go undiagnosed for years

accounts for 90-95% of all diabetes cases

yes, the presence is increased in response to insulin resistance

obesity, lack of exercise

absent

insulin resistance, decreased insulin production

82
Q

what are common symptoms for type 1 diabetes?

is ketosis present with type 1 diabetes?

is insulin therapy required for type 1 diabetic patients?

what is the nutritional status?

is nutrition therapy essential for type 1 diabetic patients?

A

polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia

present at onset or during insulin deficiency

required

thin, WDL, or obese

yes, it is essential

83
Q

what are common symptoms of type 2 diabetes?

is ketosis present with type 2 diabetes?

is insulin therapy required for type 2 diabetes?

what is the nutrition status?

is nutrition therapy essential for type 2 diabetes?

A

often none - fatigue, recurrent infections

not present except during times of infection or stress

required for some not all patients

often overweight, obese

essential

84
Q

what are some tests that the patient will receive PRIOR to their diabetes diagnosis?

A

hemoglobin A1C, a fasting blood sugar which is a finger stick blood sugar test, or an oral glucose tolerance test

85
Q

after a patient has been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes what is an acceptable number for HA1C?

Diabetic patients need to have their HA1C test done every __ - ___ months depending on how well they control their diabetes

A

7%

3 - 6

86
Q

what are some s/s of hyperglycemia?

if the blood sugar is greater than ____ then the patient has hyperglycemia

A

recurrent infections; recurrent vaginal yeast infections; prolonged wound healing; vision problems; nonspecific symptoms: “i feel terrible”

> 250

87
Q

_____ is a type of hyperventilation that is used to blow off acid to compensate for things like _____ or ____

A

kussmaul breathing; metabolic acidosis; DKA

88
Q

what are some s/s of hypoglycemia?

if the blood sugar is less than ____ then the patient has hypoglycemia

A

shakiness; nervousness; palpitations “pounding heart”; tachycardia; headache

< 70

89
Q

what is the 15/15 rule for hypoglycemia?

A

if symptoms are mild, check the BS, if less than 70 mg/dL:

eat or drink something = to 15 grams of CHO (fruit juice, 3-4 glucose tablets, or 1 tbsp of jelly)

rest for 15 minutes, then recheck blood sugar

if still low, repeat 15 grams of CHO

90
Q

always encourage the hypoglycemic patient to have a _____ with them

A

CHO snack

91
Q

when patients are given medications for type 2 diabetes, what are their medications primarily targeting for treatment?

A

insulin resistance; decreased insulin production; and increased hepatic glucose production

92
Q

what are the three types of medications that are prescribed for patients with type 2 diabetes?

A

biguanides; sulfonylureas; glucagon

93
Q

what is an example of a biguanide?

what is the primary action of this drug?

A

metformin - most widely used oral agent

reduce glucose production by the liver which enhances insulin sensitivity at the tissue level

94
Q

biguanides like metformin help to _____ glucose transport into the cells

A

improve

95
Q

patients who are taking metformin must discontinue it before having tests with ______ to prevent contrast-induced kidney injury

A

iodine contrast media

96
Q

what is an example of a sulfonylurea drug?

what is the primary action of this drug?

what is a major side effect we should look out for?

A

glimepiride, glyburide

increase insulin production by the pancreas

hypoglycemia

97
Q

what is an example of a glucagon drug?

what is the primary action of this drug?

what are some side effects we should look out for?

A

liraglutide

stimulates the release of insulin and decreases glucagon secretion and slows gastric emptying

nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and hypoglycemia

98
Q

what are the FOUR types of insulin we need to know?

A

rapid acting insulin (lispro), short acting insulin (regular), intermediate acting insulin (NPH), and long acting insulin (glargine)

99
Q

what is the onset time for rapid acting insulin?

what is the peak time for rapid acting insulin?

what is the duration time for rapid acting insulin?

A

10 - 30 minutes

30 min to 3 hours

3 to 5 hours

100
Q

what is the onset time for short acting insulin?

what is the peak time for short acting insulin?

what is the duration time for short acting insulin?

A

30 minutes to 1 hour

2 - 5 hours

5 - 8 hours

101
Q

what is the onset time for intermediate acting insulin?

what is the peak time for intermediate acting insulin?

what is the duration time for intermediate acting insulin?

A

1.5 - 4 hours

4 - 12 hours

12 - 18 hours

102
Q

what is the onset time for long acting insulin?

what is the peak time for long acting insulin?

what is the duration time for long acting insulin?

A

0.8 - 4 hours

less defined or no pronounced peak

16 - 24 hours

103
Q

can insulin be taken orally?

A

no, because it is inactivated by gastric juices

104
Q

with glargine, you give the patient ____ units SQ at ____

with metformin HCl ER you give the patient ____ mg po daily

A

25; night

500 mg

105
Q

IMPORTANT POINTS TO EMPHASIZE:

insulin can be kept at room temp for ___ weeks

unopened insulin should always be _____

when it comes to injections, the _____ has the fastest absorption rate, then the ____

inject the needle at a ___ angle or at a ___ angle if the patient is thin

A

4 weeks

refrigerated

abdomen; arm

90 degree angle; 45 degree

106
Q

when it comes to nutrition therapy for diabetic patients you want to educate them to fill half their plate with ____, 1/4 of their plate with ___, and 1/4 of their plate with ____

also remind the patient to eat more ____ than ___

follow the 5:2 rule - 5 ___ and 2 ___ everyday

A

fruits and veggies; protein; complex carbohydrates

vegetables; fruits

vegetables; fruits

107
Q

who is part of the nutrition therapy team?

A

nurse; medical team; registered dietician; and diabetes educator

108
Q

how can we educate our type 2 diabetic patients on what to do on their “sick days”

A

always take your diabetes medications; check blood glucose at least 4x a day; record your levels for the doctor; check for ketones if your blood glucose is greater than 250

109
Q

what are ketones?

A

ketone bodies are water soluble molecules produced by the breakdown of fat by the liver

the body breaks down fat into glycerol and fatty acids

110
Q

what is the difference between ketosis and ketoacidosis?

A

KETOSIS:
low level of ketones in the body; normal process of the body; safe function of a low-carb ketogenic diet

KETOACIDOSIS:
extremely high levels of ketones; can turn the blood acidic; occurs in diabetics who don’t take enough insulin

111
Q

with diabetics you want to emphasize ___ and ____

A

feet care; hygiene

112
Q

some tips for footcare:

wash and inspect feet ____

don’t go ____

wear ___, ____ shoes

break in new shoes, ____ at a time

cut your toenails ____ and file the edges

A

daily

barefoot

comfortable; supportive

a little

straight across

113
Q

what are some long-term complications of diabetes?

A

stroke; retinopathy; HTN; dermopathy; atherosclerosis; CAD; islet cell loss; gangrene; and infections

114
Q

type 1 diabetes can cause _____

what are some signs and symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis?

what is ketone breath?

A

diabetic ketoacidosis

blood glucose >250, poor skin turgor, dry mucous membranes, tachycardia, kussmaul breathing, and ketone breath

sweet, fruity breath

115
Q

what are some nursing interventions for diabetic ketoacidosis?

A

your first goal of therapy will be to place IVs, then begin IV fluid treatment
(fluids they will receive would be 0.45% or 0.9% NS)

check glucose and potassium levels - insulin drives K+ into the cells which can cause life threatening hypokalemia

place the patient on a regular insulin drip (continuous infusion) 0.1 u/kg/hr

116
Q

true/false: the patient will be given a KCl piggyback while they’re receiving the IVF fluids

A

true

117
Q

MORE DKA NURSING INTERVENTIONS:

always monitor the patients ____ for fluid volume loss

assess the lungs for ____ for fluid overload

you’ll want to prevent rapid drops in glucose to help avoid ____

____ will be added to the patient’s fluids once the BS is around ____

A

intake/output

crackles

cerebral edema

D5 0.45%; 250 mg/dL

118
Q

what type of diabetics can get diagnosed with hyperosmolar hyperglycemia?

what is the main difference between diabetic ketoacidosis and HHS?

A

occurs in type 2 diabetics

with hyperosmolar hyperglycemia the patient has enough circulating insulin so that ketoacidosis doesn’t occur

119
Q

what causes hyperosmolar hyperglycemia syndrome?

A

UTIs, pneumonia, sepsis, or any acute illness

120
Q

with hyperosmolar hyperglycemia, the blood sugars are able to become ____ before the problem is detected

usually, hyperosmolar hyperglycemia the blood sugars will be >____ before its detected

A

quite high

600 mg/dL

121
Q

what are some s/s of hyperosmolar hyperglycemia?

A

blood sugar > 600 mg/dL; excessive thirst; dry mouth; increased urination; warm, dry skin; fever

122
Q

nursing interventions for hyperosmolar hyperglycemia:

HHS is a ______ and has a ___ mortality rate

management is similar to that of diabetic ketoacidosis: ____ and ____

HHS patients usually require ____ of fluid than DKA patients

A

medical emergency

insulin; fluids

higher volumes of fluid

123
Q

hyperosmolar hyperglycemic patients are often ___ and require ____ administration of IVFs in order to prevent fluid overload

A

older; slower administration

124
Q

what types of fluid treatments do hyperosmolar hyperglycemic patients receive?

A

0.45% NS or 0.9% NS

patient will receive D5 once the patient’s BS is around 250mg/dL

125
Q

if the hyperosmolar hyperglycemic patient is receiving a regular insulin drip, then you’ll want to monitor for ___ as it may drop rapidly

A

potassium

126
Q

is hypokalemia significant with hyperosmolar hyperglycemia?

A

no, not as significant

127
Q

what are some chronic complications of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic?

A

microvascular complications: thickening of the membranes in the capillaries

macrovascular complications:
diseases of the large blood vessels (cerebrovascular, cardiovascular, and peripheral vascular)

128
Q

what is the cause of neuropathy?

what are the two types of neuropathy?

A

nerve damage or reduced nerve conduction and demyelination

sensory and autonomic

129
Q

what are two types of microvascular chronic complications?

A

retinopathy and nephropathy

130
Q

how do we treat nephropathy?

A

if there is albumin in the urine, we will treat with an ACE inhibitor or ARB

131
Q

what is sensory neuropathy?

how can we treat it?

A

affects hands or feet – leads to loss of sensation or abnormal sensation (tingling, burning, or itching)

control the blood sugar, use of medications like topical creams, SSRIs, and anti-seizure medications

132
Q

about ___ to ____% of diabetic patients will have some form of _____

A

60; 70

neuropathy

NURS 4390 Adult Health Theory (9 decks)

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