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ITB > Week Seven - Medical Data Storage & Retrieval > Flashcards

Week Seven - Medical Data Storage & Retrieval Flashcards

1
Q

What does PACS stand for?

A

Picture archiving and communication systems.

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2
Q

What did it originate as?

A

An image management system for improving the efficiency of the radiology practice.

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3
Q

What does RIS stand for?

A

Radiology information system

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4
Q

What does HIS stand for?

A

Hospital information system

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5
Q

What does EMR stand for?

A

Electronic medical record

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6
Q

What is DICOM?

A

Digital imaging and communications in medicine. The universal format for PACS image storage and transfer.

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7
Q

What is HL7?

A

Health Level 7 - electronic data exchange standard in health care

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8
Q

What is PACS?

A

A medical imaging technology system which provides economical storage and convenient access to images from multiple modalities.

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9
Q

What are the four major components in a PACS?

A
  1. Image modalities
  2. Secure network (acquisition gateway)
  3. Workstations
  4. Archives
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10
Q

Why do we need PACS?

A

Eliminate the need to manually file, retrieve, or transport medical files.

Reduce medical errors, allow for larger image sizes, EMR improve continuity of care and shorten patient stays.

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11
Q

What are 6 challenges with PACS?

A
  1. Confidentiality of records
  2. Reliability of components
  3. Connectivity between components
  4. Expensive
  5. Training
  6. Data migration
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12
Q

What are some advantages of using a PACS? (4)

A

Simultaneous availability of images at different sites.
Faster access to archived images
Minimal space needed
Reduced incidence of lost data

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13
Q

What is the future of PACS? (5)

A 
Decision support tool
Education tool
Treatment planning (virtual simulation)
Image assisted surgery
Large scale integration of locally managed PACS
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14
Q

What is CBIR?

A

Content based image retrieval. ‘Content based’ means that the search analyses the features of the image rather than its associated metadata (keywords, tags, descriptions).

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15
Q

Why is CBIR better than other methods?

A

Searches that rely purely on metadata are dependent on annotation quality and completeness. Also manually entering metadata is time consuming.

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16
Q

What are the two broad categories of feature extraction?

A

General visual features

Domain specific semantic features

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17
Q

What are the 5 types of general visual features?

A
  1. Colour
  2. Texture
  3. Shape
  4. Spatial relationships
  5. 3D volumetric features
18
Q

Why is colour the most frequently used visual feature for CBIR?

A

Invariant to image scaling, translation and rotation. That is, can be completed without regard to image size or orientation.

19
Q

When is colour based retrieval used? (4)

A

Histological images
Dermatoscopic images
Endoscopic images
Tongue images

20
Q

What does HSV stand for?

A 
Hue = colour type
Saturation = vibrancy of colour
Value = brightness of colour
21
Q

What is HSV?

A

A cylindrical coordinate representation of the RGB colour model in an attempt to be more intuitive.

22
Q

Why are colour moments compact?

A

Since only 9 numbers are used to represent the colour content of each image. Normally used to narrow down the search space before other better methods are used for retrieval.

23
Q

When is a colour histogram a good option for retrieval?

A

If the colour pattern is unique compared with the rest of the data set.

24
Q

What is Meg’s middle name?

A

Erin

25
Q

How do you identify specific textures in an image?

A

By modelling texture as a 2D grey level image, then comparing relative brightness of pairs of pixels.

26
Q

Name 3 of Tamura’s features of texture.

A

Coarseness, contrast, directionality, roughness, regularity, likeliness.

27
Q

What are the two mainly adopted methods for textural retrieval?

A

Co-occurence matrices approach

Gabor Filters

28
Q

What does shape mean in terms of image retrieval?

A

The shape of a particular region that is being sought out.

29
Q

Why is shape information important?

A

In characterising pathologies - disease processes can affect the structure of organs.

30
Q

What are the 3 steps involved in 3D concentric sphere features extraction?

A
  1. Center of mass computed
  2. Series of concentric spheres constructed with regular increments.
  3. Vectors are constructed for each sphere to map to 3D space.
31
Q

Why would using 3D volumetric features be useful for CBIR?

A

More accurate CBIR with more discriminating power can be achieved if we take full advantage of the information available in the 3D spatial domain.

32
Q

Why are spatial relationships important for CBIR?

A

Given that abnormalities are defined as deviations from normal anatomy, spatial relationships between structures are critical to diagnosis. E.g. knowing where a brain tumour is will affect surgical therapy method

33
Q

What is a ARG?

A

Attributed relational graph. Objects are represented by graph nodes and the relationships between objects are constructed by arcs between such nodes.

34
Q

What is a region relationship matrix?

A

nxn matrix that represents spatial relationships between all region pairs.

35
Q

What are the three categories of class relationship?

A
  1. Perimeter - disjoined, bordering, invaded, surrounded
  2. Distance - near, far
  3. Orientation - right, left, above, below
36
Q

Will Meg get with Jess this Friday night?

A

probably yes

GTG

37
Q

What is the key to success for CBIR?

A

Relating high level semantic knowledge with low level visual data to find medically meaningful similar cases.

38
Q

What is an approach for semantic pathology interpretation CBIR?

A

A physician in the loop approach. Before archiving in the database, a physician spends a few moments delineating the pathology bearing regions and any relevant anatomical landmarks.

39
Q

What are some key challenges CBIR needs to overcome? (4)

A

Majority of medical data is grey level - no colour retrieval.
Usually low res and high noise - difficult to consistently automate retrieval.
Diseased tissue often does not have a clear shape or boundary - also makes it difficult to automate retrieval.
Most CBIR are task-specific (only limited to a particular modality or body part)

40
Q

What is the main advantage of using CBIR?

A

By observing an abnormality in a diagnostic image, the physician can query a database of known cases to retrieve images that contain regions with features similar to what is observed in the image of interest.

ITB (11 decks)

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