week seven Flashcards
primary outcomes
Primary outcomes answer the critical question
secondary outcomes
Secondary outcomes answer subsidiary questions
· Include things such as side effects.
give an example of primary and secondary outcomes
For example, if we were investigating nurofen, the primary outcome would be pain relief, the secondary outcomes would be toxicity and GI side effects.
surrogate outcomes
· Surrogate outcomes capture the treatment effect on a clinical endpoint, without actually measuring it
- they allow for shorter study times
for example measuring blood pressure instead of waiting to have a stroke
numerical data
contains continuous and discrete data
continuous data
· Continuous: measuring on some sort of scale. There is an equal distance between the measurements (for example centimetres, kilojoules)
discrete data
· Discrete: whole numbers, for example, we can’t have half a pet.
continuous data
can be nominal or ordinal
nominal data
for example, the type of school you went to. There is no order.
ordinal data
there is some sort of order, for example, categorising students based on their letter grade.
clinical data
· More objective than self-reported data, usually collected by a health professional.
· Use of independent instruments to measure outcomes
· Use of independent measures of outcome
self reported or patient data
patient data
· Behavioural, attitudinal, social, psychological outcomes
Patient self-reported data
· Use of a diary for diet and exercise
Limitations:
· Recall or response bias
open questions
more detail, more likely to be analysed qualitatively
closed questions
specific detail, dichotomous, categorical etc… More likely to be analysed quantitively
double barrelled questions`
IF A QUESTION IS ASKING TWO DIFFERENT THINGS
– for example; How useful did you find the post-care nurses and our online system
