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Advanced Nursing > Week One: Basic Monitoring > Flashcards

Week One: Basic Monitoring Flashcards

1
Q

CHF will always result in what?

A

Rapid respiratory rate

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2
Q

Continuous monitoring includes what?

A

Observation, palpation, auscultation, basic nursing practices (bathing, toileting)

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3
Q

What is coondog paralysis?

A

When a dog (usually hunting dogs) get bit by a raccoon and get “paralyzed” for about two weeks

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4
Q

What should you monitor when dealing with an indwelling catheter?

A

Monitor vein for heat, ropeyness, ect. to avoid phlebitis

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5
Q

Where are large bore catheters usually placed and what gauge are they?

A

Placed in central veins like jugular (into the vena cava), medial saphenous, lateral saphenous and can be maintained for several days; 18-16 gauge

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6
Q

After how long will a large bore catheter always get infected?

A

72 hours

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7
Q

Spun capillary tubes from PCV and total plasma protein measurements should be what to provide a visual record of changes in the plasma protein color and clarity over time

A

Taped to paper (with time noted)

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8
Q

What is the normal WBC range for dogs?

A

6,000-17,000 cells (10,000 + or - 5,000)

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9
Q

What is the normal WBC range for cats?

A

5,500-19,000 cells (12,000 + or - 7,000)

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10
Q

What do you look for on a low power scan on a blood smear eval?

A

Platelet clumps, RBC clumps, WBCs clustered at feathered edge

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11
Q

What is the “normal” platelet count?

A

100,000-400,000

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12
Q

What does a platelet count under 60,000 indicate? (How should you feel?)

A

Not good- be worried

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13
Q

What does a platelet count under 30,000 indicate?

A

Internal bleeding

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14
Q

On a blood smear eval, if you see a total of one neutrophil in five fields, what does that usually indicate?

A

Panleukopenia

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15
Q

What is a normal canine PCV? Who has higher values and who has lower values?

A

37-54%

Puppies have lower values and sighthounds have higher values

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16
Q

What is a normal feline PCV? Who has lower values?

A

30-47%

Kittens have lower values

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17
Q

What is the “normal” canine TP range?

A

6.0-7.8 g/dL

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18
Q

What is the “normal” feline TP range?

A

6.2-8.0 g/dL

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19
Q

A PCV below reference range can indicate what?

A

Anemia

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20
Q

What are good values to gauge the effects of IV fluids?

A

PCV and TS values

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21
Q

Splenic contractions + PCV can be from…

A

Exercise or blood loss

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22
Q

Splenic expansion - PCV can be from…

A

Sedation and/or anesthesia

absorbs erythrocytes

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23
Q

What is seen with normal PCV but Low TP

A

Decreased protein production, increased loss from the GI or urinary tract

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24
Q

What is seen with normal PCV but high TP

A

Dehydration with anemia, increased globulin production (like with FIP and other infectious diseases)

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25
Q

Does a falling PCV always indicate acute hemorrhage?

A

Depends; usually will eventually

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26
Q

What is seen with a high PCV and high TP?

A

Implies splenic contractions

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27
Q

What can a high PCV and a low TP mean?

A

Protein loss or decrease production, splenic contractions, dehydration, commonly seen with hemorrhagic gastroenteritis

28
Q

What can a high TP indicate?

A

Dehydration

29
Q

What can a low PCV and a normal TP imply?

A

Anemia from RBC destruction or decreased production

30
Q

What can a low PCV and a low TP indicate?

A

Blood loss or dilution from IV fluids

31
Q

What can a low PCV and a high TP indicate?

A

Protein overproduction with anemia (bone marrow diseases, FIP, and other chronic diseases)

32
Q

Most electrolyte analyzers use _____ blood or _____

A

Heparinized blood or serum

33
Q

Chemistry panels use ____ samples

What color top is it? How long is it spun for?

A

Serum samples; tiger top; spun for 30 minutes

34
Q

What does a blocked tom look like when brought into the clinic?

A

Cold, crying, HR 40’s, temp 94, intoxicated with potassium and ureic acids

35
Q

What is the first step to working on a blocked tom?

A

Manage potassium levels

36
Q

What is seen with azotemia?

A

High levels of urea (BUN) and creatinine

37
Q

What is seen with hyperkalemia?

A

Urethral obstruction, acute renal failure, hypoadrenocorticism

38
Q

What is seen with hypocalcaemia?

A

Eclampsia, hypoadrenocorticism

39
Q

What is seen with severe hypernatremia?

A

Nonketonic hyperosmolar diabetic crisis

40
Q

What are some blood gas analysis’?

A

Acid-base status (venous samples), oxygenation (arterial samples), ventilation (venous samples)

41
Q

What are the different types of shock?

A

Hypovolemic, Hemorrhagic, Cardiogenic, Neurogenic, Anaphylactic,

42
Q

What are some benefits to an iSTAT blood gas analyzer?

A

Hand held, printer attachment, requires less than 0.1 mL of whole blood, can use capillary blood

43
Q

What type of syringes do you use for an iSTAT?

A

Use syringes or containers coated with 1:1000 diluted heparin

44
Q

Describe the one finger method technique for a blood gas analysis

A

Feel for the pulse, visualize the artery, aim needle at a 45 degree angle toward the pulse, enter the artery and blood will travel into the syringe or tube to the desired amount

45
Q

Describe the two finger method technique for a blood gas analysis

A

Feel for the pulse with your fingers one inch apart, position the needle at 90 degrees halfway between the fingers, enter the artery and blood should pulse up the syringe barrel, after samples are drawn air bubbles should be expelled from the syringe and the syringe should be capped tightly

46
Q

Blood gas analyzers require what?

A

Patient temperature at time of sampling, % of inspired oxygen at time of sampling (room air is 21%), and always note supplemental oxygen administration

47
Q

What does the PaO2 tell us?

A

How well the blood is being oxygenated, how well the lungs and pulmonary circulation is

48
Q

What does the pH of a blood sample tell us?

A

Amount of hydrogen ions in the blood

49
Q

What is PaCO2 and what does it indicate?

A

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the circulating blood, respiratory component of a blood gas, indicator of ventilation

50
Q

What does excess CO2 indicate?

A

Acidosis-hyperventilation

51
Q

What does not enough CO2 indicate?

A

Alkalosis-hypoventilation

52
Q

What is HCO3 and what does it determine?

A

Bicarbonate ion, major buffer in the body, determines the metabolic component of a blood gas

53
Q

What is base excess?

A

Amount of base above or below the normal buffer level

54
Q

What is base deficit?

A

How far away from zero a patient is to the negative, how many units of base are needed to return the patient to neutral

55
Q

What do base excesses or deficits indicate?

A

Metabolic disturbance or compensation in patient blood chemistry

56
Q

What is the normal pH for canine venous blood?

57
Q

What is the normal PCO2 in canine venous blood?

A

33-50 mm Hg

58
Q

What is the normal HCO3 for canine venous blood?

A

18-26 mm Hg

59
Q

What is the normal pH for canine arterial blood?

60
Q

What is the normal PCO2 for canine arterial blood?

A

36-44 mm Hg

61
Q

What is the normal HCO3 for canine arterial blood?

A

18-26 mm Hg

62
Q

What is the normal PO2 for canine arterial blood?

A

85-100 mm Hg

63
Q

What is the normal pH for feline venous blood?

What is the normal PCO2 for feline venous blood?

A

pH: 7.28
PCO2: 33-45 mm Hg

64
Q

What is the normal HCO3 for feline venous blood?

What is the normal HCO3 for feline arterial blood?

A

Venous: 18-23 mm Hg
Arterial: 17-22 mm Hg

65
Q

What is the normal pH, PCO2, and PO2 for feline arterial blood?

A

pH: 7.36-7.44
PCO2: 28-32 mm Hg
PO2: 85-100 mm Hg

66
Q

What is colloid osmotic pressure (COP)

A

The pressure exerted by the colloid particles dissolved in a solution on a semipermeable membrane

67
Q

What is the size difference between crystalloids and colloids?

A

Crystalloids are smaller particles, colloids are larger particles

Advanced Nursing (3 decks)

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