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Nursing Science > Week One > Flashcards

Week One Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Anatomy.

A

the branch of science concerned with the bodily structure of humans, animals, and other living organisms

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2
Q

Define physiology

A

the branch of biology that deals with the normal functions of living organisms and their parts.

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3
Q

What is the difference between physiology and anatomy?

A

While human anatomy is the study of the body’s structures, physiology is the study of how those structures work.

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4
Q

Identify the different levels of organisation from atom to organism.

A

The major levels of organization in the body, from the simplest to the most complex are: atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and the human organism.

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5
Q

what is the integumentary system?

A

The integumentary system is the set of organs forming the outermost layer of an animal’s body. It comprises the skin and its appendages, acting as a physical barrier between the external environment and the internal environment that it serves to protect and maintain.

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6
Q

What is the skeletal system

A

The skeletal system works as a support structure for your body. It gives the body its shape, allows movement, makes blood cells, provides protection for organs and stores minerals.

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7
Q

What is the muscular system?

A

The muscular system is an organ system consisting of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles. It permits movement of the body, maintains posture and circulates blood throughout the body.

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8
Q

What is the nervous system?

A

The muscular system is an organ system consisting of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles. It permits movement of the body, maintains posture and circulates blood throughout the body.

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9
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

The endocrine system is a chemical messenger system comprising feedback loops of the hormones released by internal glands of an organism directly into the circulatory system, regulating distant target organs.

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10
Q

What is the cardiovascular system?

A

The endocrine system is a chemical messenger system comprising feedback loops of the hormones released by internal glands of an organism directly into the circulatory system, regulating distant target organs.

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11
Q

What is the respiratory system?

A

The respiratory system is a biological system consisting of specific organs and structures used for gas exchange in animals and plants

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12
Q

What is the lymphatic system?

A

The lymphatic system, or lymphoid system, is an organ system in vertebrates that is part of the circulatory system and the immune system. It is made up of a large network of lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, lymphatic or lymphoid organs, and lymphoid tissues

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13
Q

What is the digestive system?

A

The lymphatic system, or lymphoid system, is an organ system in vertebrates that is part of the circulatory system and the immune system. It is made up of a large network of lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, lymphatic or lymphoid organs, and lymphoid tissues

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14
Q

What is the urinary system?

A

The urinary system, also known as the renal system or urinary tract, consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and the urethra. The purpose of the urinary system is to eliminate waste from the body, regulate blood volume and blood pressure, control levels of electrolytes and metabolites, and regulate blood pH.

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15
Q

What is the function of the human reproductive system?

A

The female reproductive system has two functions: The first is to produce egg cells, and the second is to protect and nourish the offspring until birth. The male reproductive system has one function, and it is to produce and deposit sperm. Humans have a high level of sexual differentiation.

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16
Q

what are the 9 abdominopelvic regions?

A

The right hypochondriac region, the right lumbar region, the right illac (inguinial) region, the epigastric region, the umbilical region, the hypogastric (pubic) region, the left hypochondriac region, the left lumbar region, the left iliac (inguinal) region.

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17
Q

Which organs are in the Right hypochondriac region?

A

Liver and gallbladder

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18
Q

Which organs are in the right lumbar region?

A

Ascending colon of the large intestine.

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19
Q

Which organs are in the right iliac (inguinial) region?

A

Cecum and appendix

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20
Q

Which organs are in the epigastric region?

A

Stomach

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21
Q

Which organs are in the umbilical region?

A

Transverse colon of large intestine and small intestine.

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22
Q

What organs are in the hypogastric (pubic) region?

A

Urinary bladder

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23
Q

Which organs are in the left hypochondriac region?

A

Diagram and spleen

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24
Q

Which organs are in the left lumbar region?

A

Decending colon of the large intestine.

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25
Q

Which organs are in the left iliac (inguinal) region?

A

Initial part of sigmoid colon.

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26
Q

What are the four abdominal quadrants?

A

Right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left lower quadrant.

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27
Q

What are the major organs in the right upper quadrant?

A

Liver, stomach, gallbladder, duodenum, right kidney, pancreas, and right adrenal gland.

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28
Q

What are the major organs of the left upper quadrant?

A

Liver, stomach, pancreas, left kidney, spleen, and the left adrenal gland.

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29
Q

What are the major organs of the right lower quadrant?

A

Appendix, reproductive organs, right ureter

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30
Q

What are the organs of the left lower quadrant?

A

Left ureter, reproductive organs.

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31
Q

What direction is superior in regards to the human body?

A

Position above/higher than the other body part

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32
Q

What direction is inferior in regards to the human body?

A

Lower from the head

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33
Q

What is the arterial direction (ventral)?

A

Front of the body

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34
Q

What is the posterior (dorsal) direction?

A

The back of the body.

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35
Q

What is the medial direction?

A

Towards the centre/midline of the body

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36
Q

What is the lateral direction of the body?

A

Away from the centre/midline of the body

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37
Q

What is the proximal direction?

A

Something closer to the torso

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38
Q

What is the distal direction?

A

Parts/places away from the torso

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39
Q

What is the superficial direction?

A

Below the skins surface

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40
Q

What is the deep direction?

A

Deep beneath the layers of tissue and muscle

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41
Q

what is the parasagittal plane?

A

Parasagittal plane—A vertical cut that is off-center that separates the left and right parts of the body in unequal portions.

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42
Q

What is the midsagittal plane

A

The midsagittal plane or median plane divides the body into two parts. It vertically splits any object or organism into two relatively equal halves – left and right

43
Q

What is the frontal plane?

A

Any vertical plane that decides the body into ventral and dorsal sections. (Belly and back)

44
Q

What is the transverse plane?

A

The transverse plane or axial plane is an imaginary plane that divides the body into superior and inferior parts.

45
Q

What are the 5 body cavities?

A

Cranial, spinal, thoracic, abdominal, pelvic cavity’s.

46
Q

Which organ is located in each cavity?

A 
Cranial - brain 
Spinal - spinal cord 
Throracic- lungs 
Abdominal - digestive organs 
Pelvic - Urinary and reproductive organs
47
Q

Define homeostasis

A

The tendency towards a relatively stable equilibrium between interdependent elements, especially as maintained by physiological processes.

48
Q

Define a positive feedback system?

A

Positive feedback loops, in which a change in a given direction causes additional change in the same direction. For example, an increase in the concentration of a substance causes feedback that produces continued increases in concentration.

49
Q

Define a negative feedback loop.

A

Negative feedback (or balancing feedback) occurs when some function of the output of a system, process, or mechanism is fed back in a manner that tends to reduce the fluctuations in the output.

50
Q

Where and what is a cell membrane?

A

Found in all cells and separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment. The cell membrane consists of a lipid bilayer that is semipermeable.

51
Q

Where and what is a cytoplasm?

A

Everything inside the cell bar the nucleus.

52
Q

What is cytosol?

A

Cytosol is the liquid found inside of cells. It is the water-based solution in which organelles, proteins, and other cell structures float.

53
Q

What is the difference between the cytosol and cytoplasm?

A

Cytoplasm is defined as everything inside the cell membrane, including all structures and organelles. … Cytosol on the other hand is the fluid inside the cell that everything else “floats” around in and it is made mostly of water.

54
Q

What are organelles?

A

Specific structure within a cell

55
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

Tiny structure within cell nucleus where RNA molecules and proteins are assembled to form ribosomes

56
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

Contains the cells chromosomes.

57
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

Particle consisting of RNA and associated proteins found in cytoplasm of living cells.

58
Q

What are vesicles?

A

They store and transport materials with the cell.

59
Q

What are rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Series of connected flattened sacs that have ribosomes on them which produce proteins.

60
Q

What are smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Network of tubules without surface ribosomes. They are involved in the synthesis of lipids, steroids, and carbohydrates.

61
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus?

A

Organelle found in most eukaryotic cells which packages proteins into vesicles to be transported (The warehouse of the cell)

62
Q

What is the mitochondria?

A

Organelles which generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell’s biochemical reactions. This energy is stored as ATP.

63
Q

What are the centrioles?

A

Composed of tubulins. They play a role in organizing microtubules that serve as the cell’s skeletal system.

64
Q

What are cilia?

A

Cilia are hair-like structures that extend from the cell body into the fluid surrounding the cell. They are found on many types of single-celled eukaryotes, in which they are adapted for moving the cells through their surrounding fluid, for food uptake, and for sensing the environment.

65
Q

What are flagellum?

A

Flagellum is primarily a motility organelle that enables movement and chemotaxis. Bacteria can have one flagellum or several, and they can be either polar (one or several flagella at one spot) or peritrichous (several flagella all over the bacterium).

66
Q

What is the difference between Cilia and Flagellum?

A

Cilia and flagella are both involved in movement, though cilia moves substances across its surface, while flagella moves itself as an entire cell from one point to another

67
Q

What are the common ions of the human body?

A

potassium, sodium, calcium, and chloride.

68
Q

Define Solute.

A

Minor component in a solution - the thing that is dissolved in the solvent.

69
Q

Define the solvent.

A

Substance that dissolves the solute.

70
Q

Define solution.

A

Mixture of two or more substances

71
Q

Define hypotonic.

A

Lower conc of solutes than another solution

72
Q

Define isotonic

A

Same conc

73
Q

Define hypertonic

A

Higher conc than other solution

74
Q

Define passive transport.

A

Type of membrane transport that doesn’t require energy to move substances across cell membrane. Relies on thermodynamics

75
Q

What is simple diffusion?

A

When a substance simply diffuses through a semipermeable membrane without any help from transport proteins.

76
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Movement of molecules through a selectively permeable membrane into a higher solute conc aka in a direction as to equalise solute conc on two sides.

77
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

Passive movement of molecules across the cell membrane via the aid of a membrane protein.

78
Q

What is active transport?

A

Movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane assisted by enzymes and requiring energy.

79
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

Where substances are brought into the cell “They are engulfed”

80
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

Process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane

81
Q

What is the role of ATP in active transport?

A

Supply’s required energy for active transport over the concentration gradient

82
Q

What is the role of ATP in overall cell function?

A

Used for cell movement, transport, and substance synthesis.

83
Q

What are the stages of aerobic respiration?

A

3 main stages: Glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and electron transport chain

84
Q

What are the stages of anaerobic respiration?

A

Three stages. Glycolysis, kerbs cycle, electron transport

85
Q

What is the difference between anaerobic and aerobic?

A

Aerobic means “with air” aka the body producing energy with the use of oxygen. Anaerobic means “without air” aka the body producing energy without oxygen.

86
Q

What do ion channels do?

A

Allow ions to move into or out of the cell

87
Q

What do carriers do?

A

Selectively move substances through the membrane

88
Q

What do receptors in cell membranes do?

A

They are sites for hormones, neurotransmitters to bind.

89
Q

Protein carriers move what type of molecules?

A

Amino acids and glucose

90
Q

Metabolism refers to?

A

All chemical reactions that occur in the body

91
Q

What is catabolism?

A

Breaking larger molecules down - release of energy

92
Q

What is anabolism?

A

Building larger molecules from smaller - consuming energy

93
Q

What is the body’s preferred fuel source?

A

Glucose

94
Q

What are the two pathways in which ATP can be produced by glucose?

A

Aerobic and anaerobic

95
Q

Which was do we prefer? Aerobic or Anaerobic?

A

Aerobic

96
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

In the cytoplasm of the cell

97
Q

Where does the citric acid (kerbs cycle) occur?

A

In the mitochondria

98
Q

Where does the electron transport chain occur?

A

In the mitochondria

99
Q

What happens during glycolysis?

A

A series of reactions which splits glucose into 2 molecules of Pyruvic acid.

100
Q

What happens during the citric acid cycle?

A

Pyruvic acid enters the cycle releasing CO2

101
Q

What happens during the electron transport chain?

A

Where electrons move along the chain and energy is released which produces a large amount of ATP (32 molecules)

102
Q

True or False? No matter what Pyruvic acid will enter the citric acid cycle.

A

False - adequate oxygen is required

103
Q

Is Pyruvic acid cannot enter the citric acid cycle what will it be converted into?

A

Lactic acid

104
Q

Is a lactic acid buildup a bad or good thing

A

Bad

Nursing Science (3 decks)

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