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MLS503 > Week One > Flashcards

Week One Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 domains?

A

Eukarya(true nucleus), Eubacteria(true bacteria), and Archaebacteria(ancient bacteria)

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2
Q

What kingdom are prokaryotes in?

A

Monera

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3
Q

A species that is sexually reproductively isolated from another is?

A

Eukaryotes

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4
Q

List the three levels of the Linnaean Classification System (in order) that are used in clinical microbiology.

A

Family, Genus, Species

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5
Q

What are the main objectives of clinical microbology?

A
  1. Culture and identify pathogenic organisms
  2. Differentiate pathogens from normal flora
  3. Perform antimicrobial suseptability tests
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6
Q

What are the 4 major fields of clinical microbiology?

A

Bacteriology, Parasitology, Mycology, Virology

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7
Q

Define Bacteriology

A

Study of Aerobic(needs O2 or CO2 to grow), Anaerobic(cannot grow in the presence of O2), and Mycobacteria(has mycolid acid in cell wall- acid fast stain)

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8
Q

Define Parasitology

A

Study of specied that live on or in human body AND derives int nutrients at the hostd expense- Giardia lamblia

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9
Q

Define Mycology

A

Study of Fungi(mold and yeast)- dimorphic is most dangerous

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10
Q

Define Virology

A

Study of viruses and virus like agents

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11
Q

Define pathology as it relates to clinical microbiology.

A

Events take place the organism initiates an infection. Symptoms and conditions result from infection by virulence factors causing a syndrome

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12
Q

Define anatomy and physiology, as they relate to clinical microbiology.

A

Understanding of body sites and their infection in the body- how infection affectd the function

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13
Q

Define epidemiology it relates to clinical microbiology.

A

Mode of transmission, incidence, and control of disease in a population

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14
Q

Taxomony

A

Classification of living organisms

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15
Q

Define Phenotype and Genotype

A

Phenotype- Physical features and functional traits of an organisms
Genotype- The set of genes in its genome

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16
Q

What are the 5 kingdoms?

A
  1. Protista- protozoa and algae
  2. Plantae- plants
  3. Fungi- mold and yeast
  4. Animalia- animals
  5. Monera- Bacteria
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17
Q

Define Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

A

Prokaryote- single cell bacteria ‘before- nucleus’
Eukaryote- everything else ‘true-nucleus’

18
Q

List the 7 levels of classification used in Linnean system

A

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species (Kings Play Chess On Fine Green Stools)

19
Q

Eukaryotes reproduce how?

A

sexually reproduction, each species is reproductively isolated- incompatible

20
Q

Prokaryotes reproduce how?

A

Asexually reprocidtion, divides by binary fission- parent into 2 daughter cells

21
Q

Phenotypic characteristics used to classify bacteria (6)

A

Cell morphology, staining characteristics, motility, growth characteristics, biochemistry, serology

22
Q

Genotypic characteristics used to classify bacteria (1)

A

Genetic analysis

23
Q

How is the Binomial system is written?

A

Genus species eg Homo sapiens

24
Q

List the 4 nomeclature rules used in microbiology

A
  1. Family name is capitalized and ends in -aceae
  2. The first letter of the genus is capitalized but the species name is not
  3. When types the genus and species are italicized. When written they are underlined
  4. The genus name can be abbreviated using the first letter of the genus followed by a period. Eg. E. coli or S. aureus.
25
Q

List 3 protective barriers around a bacterial cell (prokaryote)

A
  1. Cell membrane (all bacteria)
  2. Cell wall (most)
  3. Capsule (glycocalyx-some)
26
Q

2 other names for cell membrane

A

Plasma membrane and cytoplasmic membrane

27
Q

Diagram and label the structure of the cell membrane.

A

Phosphate head ❍ hydrophobic
Lipid tails 八 hydrophilic
Lipid tails ү hydrophilic
Phosphate head ❍ hydrophobic

28
Q

Explain the differences between the cell membranes of eukaryotes and prokaryotes

A

Cholesterol is only found in animal cells, esterol. Otherwise about the same.

29
Q

The difference between Gram positive and Gram negative cells.

A

Gram negative- single thin peptidoglycan layer
Gram positive- thick peptidoglygan layer

30
Q

Name the macromolecules found in bacterial cell walls.

A

NAM(N-acetylmuramic acid) &
NAG(N-acetylglucosamine)

31
Q

Explain why the cell wall is significant.

A

Give structure and shape

32
Q

Diagram and label the chemical make-up peptidoglycan, including the terms glycan, peptide, NAG, NAM, and tetrapeptide (amino acid) cross bridge and connecting chains of amino acids

A

NAG- NAM-…
o peptide interbridge (G+)
o q q q q q o
tetra pep cross brg o
…NAG- NAM- NAG…

33
Q

Explain the function of teichoic acid and autolysins.

A

Teichoic acid-regulate activity of autolysins during cell growth
Autolysins-group of enzymes that make small nicks in cell wall (this allows new subunits to be inserted into old peptidoglycan as the cell is growing)

34
Q

Diagram and label the cell wall of both a Gram positive and a Gram negative bacteria

A

thick or thin pep study at home

35
Q

Explain how Lipid A and O polysaccharides of Gram-negative cells contribute to the pathology of an infection.

A

Lipid A endotoxins are released when cell death occurs which cause a reaction such as fever, inflammation, diarrhea, shock, & blood coagulation

36
Q

Explain where the capsule is found on bacteria and what it is made of.

A

Outermost layer, made of glycocalyx

37
Q

Define the term glycocalyx and slime layer.

A

Glyocoalyx- (sugar cap) gelatinous sticky substance made of polysaccharides
Slime layer- another name especially if it is very loose and thin

38
Q

List the functions of the capsule

A

Protection and stick to hard surfaces

39
Q

List two ways the capsule protects bacteria.

A

prevents drying out and protects against phagocytosis,

40
Q

Define phagocytosis, list two main phagocytes found in the human body, and how a capsule is considered a virulence factor.

A

WBC’s and Macrophages
Phagocytosis- cell engulfs another cell or particle, first line of defense against bacteria, fungi, and viruses.

41
Q

List two examples of bacteria that use a capsule to provide adherence to surfaces.

A

Streptococcus mutans- capsule anchors bacteria to the surface of the teeth, without it saliva, chewing and speech would wash it away.
Streptococcus pneumoniae- produce a heavy capsule layer, help prevent the organism from getting stuck in the mucus layer and continue down the sterile lower resp tract.

42
Q
A

MLS503 (6 decks)

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