Week One Flashcards
In what areas does school aged children’s language develop?
- Pragmatics
- Semantics
- Syntax and Morphology
- Metalinguistics
In which areas does language develop most significantly?
Pragmatics and semantics
How much of syntax and morphology is developed by age 5?
90%
What pragmatic areas develop in school aged children?
- Conversational abilities
- Language users
- Registers
- Narrative development
What is prgamatics?
knowing what to say, to whom and when
e.g.,
What: how much detail/specificity
Whom: age, social status, shared knowledge (children whine to their parents but not to their teachers)
When:
How do you know if a child is successful in pragmatic language?
A child who can coordinate many pragmatic abilities within a wide range of communicative contexts
Conversational abilities: Repair
How does the ability to repair a conversation develop?
9 year olds have the ability to identify where a breakdown has occurred and repair through rephrasing, defining, adding context
Conversational abilities: Topic introduction and maintenance
How does topic introduction and maintenance develop?
They can introduce a topic and sustain it for several turns, change or close.
Shading: moving from one topic to another with continuity
Using a question to introduce a topic
Conversational abilities: Roles
How do roles in conversations develop?
They become more aware of the roles/power of the people they talk to. Often responding more briefly and simply to adults questions compared to peers.
Conversational abilities: Perspectives
How does perspectives develop?
Theory of mind (knowledge that others think, feel and have different experiences to you) develops and an improved awareness of the perspectives of others.
Helps with conflict resolution
Conversational abilities: Indirect questions
How do indirect questions develop?
Increased use of indirect questions and hinting
how do Language uses develop?
Due to the demands at school, children are required to develop more sophisticated uses of language i.e., explaining, describing, reporting, debating, synthesizing
How does registers (styles) develop?
Children become more adept at matching their style to the person who is listening
i.e., more whining to parents than other adults.
What are the four types of narrative?
- Recount: Past experiences of the child (observed, participated or read) and is usually requested by an adult
- Eventcast: Explantation of a current or anticipated event, often used in play
- Accounts: Spontaneous narratives in which children share their experiences, not requested by adults
- Stories: fictional stories with a known pattern in which the main character typically must overcome a problem
Children can produce all by 5-6 years, but become more sophisticated with age
What is story grammar?
The predictable way in which stories are organised
define a setting in story grammar
main characters, places, time
Define an episode in story grammar
A problem, action, consequence, internal reaction
How do older children’s narratives develop?
- Fewer unresolved problems
- Less extraneous detail
- More changes in time and place
- More introduction
- Greater concern for motivation and internal reactions
- More complex episode structure
- Closer adherence to story grammar model
What are the differences in Western narratives vs. Māori narratives?
Western narratives are linear with explicit detail (it is up to the speaker to make sure everyone understands) and clear story elements whereas a Māori story is cyclical with more implied meanings and may leave out story elements (unresolved ending…). There is more reliance on shared context.
What semantic areas develop in school aged children?
- Vocabulary
- Word Associations
- Word definitions
- Multiple meanings
- Figurative language
- Jokes
how does vocabulary develop?
Increases with age
Reading plays the largest role
How do definitions develop?
They become more dictionary-like
How do multiple meanings develop?
Begin to develop more abstract or psychological meanings e.g., low, sweet, cold, high
Homophones, homographs, homonyms
How does figurative language develop?
At aground age 4-5 there is the development of understanding from concrete nouns to abstract e.g., love, freedom, time.
Also abstract ideas like animal rights
Help with understanding idioms, similes, metaphors
How do jokes develop?
Move from being sound based — double meaning —- overt —- abstract/subtle
How does syntax and morphological language develop?
- Noun Phrase development
- Verb Phrase development
- More complex sentences
- More complex conjunctions
What is the metalinguistic ability for preschool aged children?
- Can talk about sounds and words
- Emerging phonological awareness
- Check if the listener has understood
- Correct others
- Adjust style of language for listener
What is the metalinguistic ability for school aged children?
- Identify and manipulate linguistic units
- Judge whether grammar is correct or not
- Judge utterances as appropriate
- Provide definitions
- construct puns, riddles, humour
