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NPB101 > week of mt 2 > Flashcards

week of mt 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Muscle fatigue

A

a skeletal muscle fiber is repeatedly stimulated, the tension the fiber develops eventually decreases even though the stimulation continues. There is a decline in muscle tension as a result of previous contractile activity

Wont respond the same anymore even with the same stimulant

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2
Q

Characteristic of fatigued muscle

A

a decreased shortening velocity and a slower rate of relaxation. The onset of fatigue and its rate of development depend on the type of skeletal muscle fiber that is active, the intensity and duration of contrac tile activity, and the degree of an individual’s fitness

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3
Q

[ATP] and fatigue

A

ATP depletion is mechanism for fatigue
Can rest and get back to full tension but not for same duration

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4
Q

ATP depletion and skeletal muscle

A

Great amount of breakdown when goes from rest to contracted

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5
Q

If a fiber is to sustain contractile activity

A

metabolism must produce molecules of ATP as rapidly as they break down during the contractile process.

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6
Q

Creatine phosphate

A

Supports the first ~15 seconds of contractile activity

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7
Q

Sustained contraction requires

A

Oxidative phosphorylation and/or glycolysis

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8
Q

Fast and slow fibers contain forms of myosin that differ

A

in
the maximal rates at which they use ATP, and
corresponding differences in proteins that affect the speed
of membrane excitation, excitation–contraction coupling,
and ATP-production mechanisms.

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9
Q

Slow oxidative fibers (type 1)

A

combine low myosin-ATPase
activity with high oxidative capacity

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10
Q

Fast oxidative glycolytic fibers

A

(type 2A) combine high myosin-ATPase activity with high oxidative capacity and intermediate glycolytic capacity.

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11
Q

Fast glycolytic fibers

A

type 2X) combine high myosin-
ATPase activity with high glycolytic capacity.

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12
Q

Slow-twitch fibers have

A

low
activation threshold, meaning
they are the first recruited when a
muscle contracts. If they can’t
generate the amount of force
necessary for the specific activity,
the fast-twitch muscle fibers are
engaged.

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13
Q

Interstitial fluid takes on

A

Same composition of the arterial blood

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14
Q

Bulk flow

A

-mechanism for maintaining fluid balance between the blood and the extracellular space.
- pores in capillary walls permit the flow of plasma, but not proteins or blood cells.
- bulk flow into the tissues is called ultrafiltration.
- bulk flow into the capillaries is called reabsorption.

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15
Q

Ultrafiltration

A

Bulk flow into the tissues

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16
Q

Reabsorption

A

Bulk flow into the capillaries

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17
Q

Veins

A

serve as a reservoir for blood and a conduit for blood flow back to the heart.
have less smooth muscle and MORE ELASRIN than arteries.
are highly distensible, so they are called capacitance vessels that act as blood reservoirs.

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18
Q

Venous capacity

A

volume of blood the veins can accommodate.
- depends on the distensibility of the venous walls and
the influence of any externally applied force.

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19
Q

Venous return

A

Volume of blood entering each atrium per minute

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20
Q

Venous valves

A

Located within the lumen of large veins and prevent the backflow of venous blood

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21
Q

Without venous valves

A

contracted skeletal muscle would squeeze blood both towards and away from the heart

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22
Q

Respiratory activity

A

pressure within the chest cavity transiently decreases during respiration. This increases the pressure gradient between the veins in the lower extremities and the chest.

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23
Q

Baroreceptor reflex

A

autonomically regulates cardiac output and total peripheral resistance.
- Baroreceptors respond to changes in arterial blood pressure by elevating or reducing their rate of firing.
- These signals alter the ratio of activity in the parasympathetic and sympathetic neurons of the cardiovascular control centers.

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24
Q

Baroreceptors

A

mechanoreceptors sensitive to changes in both mean arterial pressure and pulse pressure.
- Constantly provide information about blood pressure.
- When arterial pressure increases, the firing rate of their
afferent neuron increases. When arterial pressure decreases, the firing rate of their afferent neuron decreases.

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25
Q

Influence of parasympathetic activity on arterial blood pressure

A

Heart—— decrease in heart rate only

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26
Q

Influence of sympathetic activity on mean arterial blood pressure

A

Heart — heart rate and contractile strength
Arterioles— vasoconstriction
Veins—- vasoconstriction

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27
Q

General function of respiration

A

To obtain O2 for use by the body’s cells and to eliminate the CO2 the body produces

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28
Q

2 separate but related processes of respiration

A

External respiration
Internal (cellular) respiration

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29
Q

Trachea and larger bronchi

A

– Fairly rigid, non-muscular tubes
– Rings of cartilage prevent collapse

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30
Q

Bronchioles

A

– No cartilage to hold them open (control gas exchange; can collapse)
– Walls contain smooth muscle innervated by the autonomic nervous system:
Parasympathetic stimulation constricts
Sympathetic stimulation (weakly) relaxes
Epinephrine relaxes (2 receptors!)

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31
Q

Alveoli

A

• Thin-walled inflatable sacs
• Function in gas exchange
• Walls consist of a single layer of
flattened Type I alveolar cells
• Type II alveolar cells secrete
pulmonary surfactant
• Alveolar macrophages guard lumen
- pulmonary capillaries encircle each alveolus

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32
Q

Pulmonary surfactant

A

Surfactant produced by Type II alveolar cells disrupts hydrogen bonding of water lining the alveolar wall (mixture of protein and lipid: acts like a detergent)
Decreases surface tension so groups of little bubbles don’t collapse into a smaller number of bigger ones

Surfactant induced by cortisol just prior to birth; premature infants may need synthetic glucocorticoid treatment to ensure proper lung function

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33
Q

Iron lung

A

Takes care of gas exchange for you

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34
Q

Best analogy for our lungs inflate

A

Inflate like a smiths bellows

Expand the ribcage and air flows in

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35
Q

Lungs are suspended in

A

Pleural sac in completely closed box (the thorax)

36
Q

Lungs are suspended in

A

Pleural sac in completely closed box (the thorax)

37
Q

Pleural sac

A

double-walled, closed sac that separates each lung from the thoracic wall

38
Q

Pleural cavity

A

Interior of plural sac

39
Q

Intrapleural fluid

A

Lubricant secreted by surfaces of the pleura

40
Q

Can the intrapleural fluid be compressed

A

Cant change volume; fluid is incompressible

41
Q

Atmospheric pressure

A

The pressure exerted by the weight of the gas in the atmosphere on objects on earth- 760 mmHg at sea level

42
Q

Intra-alveolar pressure

A

The pressure within the alveoli- (lungs represent all alveoli) —- 760 when equal with atmospheric pressure

43
Q

Intrapleural pressure

A

Pressure within pleural sac; usually LESS than atmospheric pressure at 756 mmHg

Pressure exerted outside the lungs within the thoracic cavity

44
Q

Changes in intra-alveolar pressure…

A

Produce flow of air INTO and OUT of the lungs

45
Q

If pressure is LESS than atmospheric pressure

A

Air ENTERS the lings

46
Q

Pressure is GREATER than atmospheric pressure

A

Air EXITS the lungs

47
Q

Boyles law

A

states that at any constant temperature, the pressure exerted by a gas varies inversely with the volume of a gas.

Smaller volume= more pressure
More volume=less pressure

48
Q

Contraction of external intercostal muscles

A

Causes elevation of ribs, which increases side-to-side dimension of thoracic cavity

49
Q

Elevation of ribs causes

A

Sternum to move upward and outward
- increases front-to-back dimension of thoracic cavity

50
Q

Lowering of diaphragm on contraction increases

A

Vertical dimension of thoracic cavity

51
Q

During inspiration; what happens to pressure in pleural cavity

A

Drops even more; fluctuates

52
Q

Contraction of INTERNAL intercostal muscles

A

Flattens ribs and sternum, further reducing side-to-side and front-to-back dimensions of thoracic cavity

53
Q

What does the rise of the sternum cause

A

Increase front to back dimension

54
Q

Contraction of external intercostal muscles

A

Increase in side-to side dimension

55
Q

Lowering of diaphragm (concave down start)

A

Increases vertical dimension of thoracic cavity

56
Q

Contraction of abdominal muscles

A

Causes diaphragm to be pushed upward (more concave down)

Further reducing vertical dimension of thoracic cavity

57
Q

Main muscle during quiet (resting) inspiration

A

Diaphragm

58
Q

For maximal expiration

A

Activate abdominal muscles

59
Q

Quiet (resting) inspiration

A

Active; requires energy; muscles have to contract

60
Q

Quiet (resting) expiration

A

Passive

61
Q

During inspiration, intra pulmonary/alveolar pressure is LESS than or MORE than atomspheric pressure

A

Less than; need it to be lower so air can go in

62
Q

During expiration, intra alveolar pressure is GREATER than atmospheric?

A

Yes, so air can flow out

63
Q

When is intra alveolar pressure equal to atmospheric pressure

A

At END of both inspiration and expiration

Alveoli are in direct communication with the atmosphere; air continues to flow down pressure gradient

64
Q

When is intrapleural pressure less than intra alveolar

A

Throughout respiratory cycle; always

65
Q

Why is the lung always stretched to some degree

A

Due to transmural pressure

66
Q

Why does the intrapleural pressure get lower during inspiration

A

drop in intrapleural pressure helps the lungs expand because the alveolar pressure (the pressure inside the lungs) remains relatively constant or slightly positive. The pressure difference between the pleural space (now more negative) and the alveolar space creates a gradient, which effectively “pulls” the lungs open, allowing air to flow into the lungs.

67
Q

Do we use full lung capacity

A

In everyday, relaxed breathing (also known as quiet or tidal breathing), we only use a small portion of our lung capacity. Specifically, we are typically breathing in and out only the tidal volume (about 500 mL), which is a small fraction of our total lung capacity.

68
Q

Residual volume

A

There will ALWAYS be some air left in alveoli (1200mL)
Bronchioles collapse before all air can get out;
Gas exchange takes place constantly

69
Q

Tidal volume

A

This is the amount of air you breathe in and out with each normal breath. It is usually around 500 mL in a healthy adult at rest

70
Q

Pulmonary ventilation (mL/min)

A

Tidal volume (mL/breath) X respiratory rate (breaths/min)

71
Q

Alveolar ventilation (L/min)

A

(Tidal volume-dead space) x respiratory rate

72
Q

Influence on rate of gas transfer between air and blood; partial pressure gradients

A

Rate of transfer increases as partial pressure gradient increases

73
Q

Influence on rate of gas transfer between air and blood; surface area of the alveolar capillary membrane

A

Rate of transfer increases as surface area increases

74
Q

Influence on rate of gas transfer between air and blood; thickness of alveolar capillary membrane

A

Rate of transfer decreases as thickness increases

75
Q

Influence on rate of gas transfer between air and blood; diffusion constant

A

Rate of transfer increases as diffusion constant increases

76
Q

Alveolar air composition is different than atmospheric air due to:

A

-Increased water vapor (moisture) as air travels down respiratory airways (adding water to air)
-Due to deadspace and residual volume not all air in alveoli is “fresh” causing higher CO2 and lower O2
-O2 always being absorbed out and CO2 always being discharged in

77
Q

Driving force of gas exchange

A

Diffusion; concentration gradients

78
Q

Rheumatic fever.

A

an auto-immune disease triggered by streptococcal bacteria that leads to valvular stenosis and insufficiency.

79
Q

Mitral stenosis

A

mitral valve becomes thickened and calcified, impairing blood flow from left atrium to left ventricle. The accumulation of blood in left ventricle can cause pulmonary hypertension.

80
Q

Septal defects; congenital

A

whereby holes in septum between left and right sides of heart allow blood to pass from one side of heart to the other (down pressure gradient).

81
Q

Kidneys contribute to regulation of blood pH by

A

Reabsorption of bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻) from the filtrate back into the blood helps to buffer acids and raise blood pH.
Secretion of hydrogen ions (H⁺) into the urine helps to lower blood acidity by removing excess H⁺.
Ammonium excretion (NH₄⁺) helps to further remove acids from the body.

82
Q

Proteins do not normally enter Bowman’s capsule during blood filtration

A

The podocytes secrete proteins that create a negative environment in the basal membrane, that repels proteins.

83
Q

Is most of the O2 dissolved or attached to hemoglobin ?

A

98.5% is attached to hemoglobin
O2 likes to bind

84
Q

How does CO2 affect the pH

A

CO2 mixes w H2O and gives off bicarbonate and H+
More H+= more acidic= lower pH in blood

85
Q

How can you control blood pH (respiratory)

A

Control how much CO2 in the blood
More co2=more H+= more acidic

86
Q

How is % saturation influenced by HIGH partial pressure of oxygen

A

% saturation is HIGH

87
Q

Where is the percent saturation of O2 low

A

Tissue cells; O2 is released from hemoglobin

Partial pressure of O2 is low

NPB101 (7 decks)

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