Week Nine - Family/Friendships & Personlity Flashcards
What similarities do we see between individuals and the partners they choose?
Ethnicity
SES
Age
Education
- may be reflective of how people meet
What are the 3 types of marriage?
equal partner relationship
conventional marriage
junior partnership
How many people cohabitate?
3/4 - increased dramatically
Why did we see increase in divorce rates?
New divorce laws were introduced and no longer had to prove anything
Having a child often?
Brings increased conflict to a couple
If a mothers experience mismatches their ideas, what happens?
They may have mood instability and experience declines in relationship satisfaction
What are the main differences between families who thrive/struggle?
Thriving families
- accept challenges/responsibility
- give priority to parenting role
- use consistent authoritative parenting
- emphasise communication
- foster individuality
- nurture
- establish traditions
What % of men/worry dont marry?
27% of men, 23% of women
Why has childlessness increased?
Delays in childbearing
Changes in attitudes
Ill health
Infertility
What are early articulators and postponers?
Emphasise early on that they do not want children
Plan to have kids later
Older married people tend to be?
Happier, healthier and long-lived than widowed/divorced people
Why are older widowed men more likely to remarry?
They don’t do as well without a partner
What are vertical relationships?
Adult-child
What are horizontal relationships?
peer relationships
Peer relationships are?
An essential feature of childhood
Why are peer relationships important?
They encourage development of self-regulating behaviour
By interacting with peers, children learn how to?
Regulate their emotions
Interact and communicate
Develop skills for forming close personal relationships
What age do friendships begin?
By age 3, based on the desire to play, fun and companionship
- usually dissolve
What do friendships change to in middle childhood?
More focus on loyalty/intimacy
What are Damon & Harts 3 stages in children’s view on friendship?
- others behaviour (4-7)
- trust (8-10)
- psychological closeness (11-15)
What do friendships provide children with?
Information about the world, themselves, others
Provide emotional support
Reduced chances of bullied
Control/interpret emotions
Increased experiences
Development from egocentrism
What do children need to do to gain acceptance from peers?
Conform to group norms
Close friendships are influenced by?
characteristics of the friend (attractiveness, social status)
relationship with friend (commitment)
Children rejected by peers are usually?
Disruptive & aggressive & socially withdrawn
Excluded from activities
Difficult to be accepted
Peer rejection in childhood is associated with?
Social difficulties later in life
What do Crick & Dodge information-processing approach model of social competence say children rejected by their peers will have problems with?
They will have problems with:
- attending to social cues
- interpret cues (most common)
- clarifying desired outcome
- recall/regenerate strategies to respond
- deciding and enacting responses
What can lead to improvements Crick & Dodge information-processing approach model of social competence?
Social skills training
What are friendships characterised by in adolescence?
Shared attitudes, interests, intimacy
What is Dunphys two types of adolescent groups?
- Clique: small group of 3-9 members who are close (often broken into 1-2 smaller friends)
- Crowd: clique members who are also part of wider group
Why are friendships important in adolescence?
Provide source of social and emotional support
Help promote autonomy
Define their sense of self
Development and adult outcomes are influenced
How do older adults define friendship? (5)
behavioural aspects cognitive processes affective components structural characteristics proxy indicators
What is personality?
The characteristics and qualities of an individual
What is personality development?
The extent to which interests, values and preferences change throughout the lifespan
What are the 3 factors of Freuds personality development
ID
Ego
Superego
What is the id?
Present at birth, unconscious, tries to satisfy biological needs
What is the ego?
Rational, conscious and problem solves
What is the superego?
Morals and ethics
What age (according to Freud) have all parts of personality developed?
5
What does Freud suggest is occurring throughout his psychosexual changes?
Conflict between ID, ego and superego
If fixation occurs - can implicate personality development
What was Erikson’s approach to personality development?
Conflict to resolve at each year of life (the way you resolve determines your personality)
What is the behaviourist approach to personality development?
- personality does not come from conflict
Personality is the sum of all learned associations
What is the social cognitive approach?
Learning new information comes from observation
Personality develops through a persons social world, including self-regulation
What are Bandura’s 3 steps to personality development?
- Self-observation: monitor our own behaviour
- Judgement: compare our behaviour with traditional or self-defined standards
- Self-response: reward or punishment, according to the judgement
What is the trait approach to personality?
Traits determine differences between individuals
What are traits?
Internal psychological dispositions that remain largely unchanged throughout the lifespan and across situations
What are Eysenck’s gigantic three?
Neuroticism, extraversion and psychoticism
Can be high or low in these traits
What is the big 5 factor model of personality?
5 traits - most comprehensive and data driven view Neuroticism Extraversion Openness Conscientiousness Agreeableness
