Week Four Flashcards
What is the reflex arc?
When the body is able to respond to something without us thinking about it (Ex., when you touch a hot stove and your hand automatically recoils)
What is the Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous Systems (PNS) relationship?
The peripheral nervous system carries sensory afferent messages to the CNS
The central nervous system receives the message from the PNS, processes it, then sends motor or efferent messages back to the PNS
Which nervous system carries afferent messages?
Peripheral Nervous Systems
What is the difference between Afferent and Efferent neurons?
Afferent neurons are sensory neurons that carry nerve impulses from sensory stimuli towards the central nervous system and brain, while efferent neurons are motor neurons that carry neural impulses away from the central nervous systme and towards muscles to cause movement.
Which nervous system carries efferent messages?
Central Nervous System
What protects the Central Nervous System?
The meninges
What are the 7 components of the Central Nervous System?
1) Cerebral Cortex
2) Basal Ganglia
3) Thalamus
4) Hypothalamus
5) Cerebellum
6) Brainstem
7) Spinal Cord
What is the cerebral cortex also known as?
Cerebrum
The cerebrum is divided into how many hemispheres?
Left hemisphere and Right Hemisphere
How many lobes does the cerebral hemisphere have?
4 lobes
What does the Basal Ganglia control?
responsible primarily for motor control, as well as other roles such as motor learning, executive functions and behaviors, and emotions
(Shannon taught us this wrong: The basal ganglia controls autonomic (involuntary) associated movements (Ex., swinging of arms when walking))
What does the thalamus do?
Relay Station….
Main relay station that relays sensory and motor pathways to the brainstem and the spinal cord (synapses)
What does the Hypothalamus do? (4)
Control Centre…
1) Ex., body temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, sleep
2) Controls the anterior and posterior pituitary gland
3) Coordinated the autonomic nervous system
4) Coordinates emotions
What does the cerebellum do?
Motor Coordination
- Voluntary movements
- Think of equilibrium, muscle tone, the ability to coordinate, and smooth movement (controlled and purposeful movement)
- Balance and movement
What is the brainstem?
Collection of nerve fibers
What are the 3 parts of the brainstem?
- Midbrain
- Pons
- Medulla Oblongata
What is the spinal cord?
main pathway of ascending and descending– spinal cord connects the brain to the spinal nerves
The ascending tracts carry sensory information from the body, like pain, for example, up the spinal cord to the brain.
Descending tracts carry motor information, like instructions to move the arm, from the brain down the spinal cord to the body.
What are 2 components of the Spinal Cord?
- Ascending
- Descending
What are the 4 components of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?
1) Cranial nerves
2) Spinal Nerves
3) Autonomic Nerve Fibers
4) Somatic Nerve Fibers
How many pairs of cranial nerves do we have?
12 pairs
How many pairs of spinal nerves do we have?
31 pairs
How are spinal nerves in the spinal cord named?
- Spinal nerves run the length of the spinal cord
- they are named by the region of the spine that they exit
Name the 5 different spinal nerves that run the length of the spinal cord?
1) 8 Cervical
2) 12 Thoracic
3) 5 Lumbar
4) 5 Sacral
5) 1 Coccygeal
What are dermatomes?
- areas of skin on your body that rely on specific nerve connections on your spine.
- Poking the patient and asking them if they can feel sharp or dull and then determining if they can mobilize safely
What are Autonomic Nerve Fibers?
Smooth Involuntary Muscles
What are Somatic Nerve Fibers?
Skeletal Voluntary Muscles
What is cross representation?
When an individual has a brain injury to the left side of the brain they will have deficits to the right side of the body and vice versa
If a patient has an injury to the left side of their brain, what side of the bed will you place their bedside table so they can reach their glass of water?
You will place the table on the left side of the patient because their right side has the deficit
What are the functions of the central nervous system sensory pathway? (3)
1) Sensory pathway focuses on skin, mucous membranes, muscles, tendons and organs
2) Monitors conscious sensations which means we have to be awake and alert
3) Monitors internal organ functions, body positions and reflexes
What is the role of the spinothalamic in the sensory pathway of the central nervous system?
- Pain
- Temperature (to decipher hot or cold)
- Light/Crude touch
- Goes to the thalamus and then goes to the sensory cortex for interpretation (poke someone with a pin and ask “sharp or dull”
What is the role of the posterior/dorsal columns in the sensory pathway of the central nervous system?
- Ability to determine position of body without looking (known as proprioception)
Feel vibrations - Assess vibration (tuning fork - use joint by finger and a joint next to a big toe)
- Stereognosis - we put a common object in their hand with their eyes closed and they should be able to tell us what that object is with their eyes closed
What is proprioception?
Ability to determine position of body without looking
What is stereognosis?
we put a common object in their hand with their eyes closed and they should be able to tell us what that object is with their eyes closed
What are 3 motor pathways in the central nervous system?
1) Corticospinal/Pyramidal - Mediated voluntary movement
2) Extrapyramidal - Maintains our muslce tone, allows us to have controlled body movements (no jerking, no tremors, no spasticity)
3) Cerebellar - Coordinates our movements, maintains equilibrium, helps us to maintain posture
Upper and Lower Motor Neurons?
1) Upper: Originating from the upper spinal cord…. Influence lower motor neurons
2) Located mostly in the peripheral nervous system…. Trunk, legs and arm movement
What is cranial nerve I?
What is its function?
1) Olfactory Nerve
2) Sensory Nerve –> in charge of smell
What is cranial nerve II?
What is its function?
1) Optic Nerve
2) Sensory –> Vision
What is cranial nerve III?
What is its function?
1) Oculomotor Nerve
2) Mixed –> able to control extra ocular movements (ex. checking pupillary response and changing of lens shape)
What is cranial nerve IV?
What is its function?
1) Trochlear Nerve
2) Motor –> responsible for eyes looking down and able to turn inwards
What is cranial nerve V?
What is its function?
1) Trigeminal Nerve
2) Mixed –>
- Motor being able to chew, allows us to feel on our face, corneal reflex
- Responsible for mucous membranes of mouth and nose
What is cranial nerve VI?
What is its function?
1) Abducens Nerve
2) Motor –> allows our eyes to move lateral, side to side
What is cranial nerve VII?
What is its function?
1) Facial Nerve
2) Mixed –>
- Allows us to close our eyes, close our mouths, allows our mouth to move with regards to speech, moves our tongue (taste), facial expressions
- Has a parasympathetic response → makes us cry and helps us salivate
What is cranial nerve VIII?
What is its function?
1) Acoustic/ Vestibulocochlear Nerve
2) Sensory –>
Responsible for hearing and equilibrium
What is cranial nerve IX?
What is its function?
1) Glossopharyngeal
2) Mixed –>
- controls our pharynx (swallowing), and responsible for taste (the back of the tongue)
- Parasympathetic response - control with the carotid gland and the carotid reflex (BP regulation)
What is cranial nerve X?
What is its function?
1) Vagus
2) Mixed –>
- pharynx and larynx in regard to talking and swallowing
- Parasympathetic response- has a carotid reflex (Heart Rate)
What is cranial nerve XI?
What is its function?
1) Spinal Accessory Nerve
2) Motor –> Movement of the trapezius and sternomastoid muscles
What is cranial nerve XII?
What is its function?
1) Hypoglossal Nerve
2) Motor –> Ability in regard to movement of the tongue → specifically in regard to speech
What are the 3 components of the Temporal Lobe?
- Hearing
- Taste
- Smell
What are the 2 functions of the Brocha’s area?
- Motor
- Speech
What is the function of Wernike’s Area?
Speech Comprehension
What are the 3 functions of the Cerebellum?
- Motor Coordination
- Equilibrium
- Balance
What is the function of the occipital lobe?
Vision
What is the function of the parietal lobe?
Sensation
What are the 4 functions of the Frontal lobe?
- Personality
- Emotion
- Intellectual functions
- Behaviour
What is Brocha’s Aphasia?
The client will have expressive aphasia (they understand but cannot speak)
What is Wernike’s Aphasia?
The client will have receptive aphasia (they can hear sounds but they do not understand or comprehend)
