WEEK 9: SLEEP AND DREAM Flashcards
FUNCTIONS OF SLEEP
Why sleep?
rest our muscles and decrease metabolism, reorganize synapses strengthen memories, fluid drains from the brain and spinal cord into the subarachnoid space, removing potentially harmful proteins and waste products.
FUNCTIONS OF SLEEP
Not enough sleep?
react more severely than average to:
1. stressful events
2. Mental health may suffer
3. Major cause of accidents by workers
4. poor performance by college students
5. activates the immune system as if you were ill.
ENERGY CONSERVATION
during sleep, a mammal’s body temperature decreases by ________, enough to save a noticeable amount of energy.
1 or 2 °C
ENERGY CONSERVATION
Animals increase their sleep duration during food shortages. _________ conserve energy while food is scarce. Suspends the aging process.
Hibernation
DIFFERENCIES IN SLEEP AMONG SPECIES
Fish sleeps 13 hours per day, cavefish have only 2-4 hours without a ___________.
circadian rhythm
DIFFERENCIES IN SLEEP AMONG SPECIES
Animals that live near the ______ or ______ pole greatly decrease their sleep during summer when the sun is constantly above the horizon.
north ; south
DIFFERENCIES IN SLEEP AMONG SPECIES
Male _________ are active up to 23 hours per day for nearly 3 weeks with no harm to their health or alertness.
sandpipers
DIFFERENCIES IN SLEEP AMONG SPECIES
_________ or _______ after giving birth, both mother and baby stay awake 24 hours a day for the first couple of weeks while the baby is especially vulnerable.
Dolphin ; whale
DIFFERENCIES IN SLEEP AMONG SPECIES
___________ matriarchs sleep 2 hours or less per night to protect their troops.
Elephant
DIFFERENCIES IN SLEEP AMONG SPECIES
Dolphins, whales, and other ________ mammals evolved the ability to sleep on one side of the brain at a time. The two hemispheres take turns sleeping always leaving one alert enough to control swimming and breathing.
aquatic
DIFFERENCIES IN SLEEP AMONG SPECIES
______ sleep in one hemisphere at a time when at sea and sleep in both when on land.
Seals
DIFFERENCIES IN SLEEP AMONG SPECIES
_________ birds during a week or two in fall and spring, they forage for food during the day and do their migratory flying at night. If a bird is kept in a cage during the migration season, it flutters around restlessly at night, sleeping only a third of its usual amount. It compensates to some extent with brief drowsy periods during the day (less than 30 seconds each)
Migrating
DIFFERENCIES IN SLEEP AMONG SPECIES
TRUE or FALSE
Variations in animals’ sleep habits make sense in terms of their eating habits and their need for defense.
TRUE
DIFFERENCIES IN SLEEP AMONG SPECIES
_______ get less sleep and __________ sleep easily.
Prey ; predators
SLEEP AND MEMORY
_______ improves memory and cognition.
Sleep
SLEEP AND MEMORY
TRUE or FALSE
If you learn something and then go to sleep, even a nap, your memory solidifies and may become better than it was before sleep.
TRUE
SLEEP AND MEMORY
A nap that includes a ___________-enhanced performance on certain kinds of creative problem-solving.
REM sleep
SLEEP AND MEMORY
TRUE or FALSE
Patterns that occurred during sleep resembled those that had occurred during learning except that they were more rapid during sleep.
TRUE
SLEEP AND MEMORY
The _______ replays its experiences during sleep it forms new dendritic branches that strengthen the memories.
brain
SLEEP AND MEMORY
Knowledge storage depends on highly synchronized sharp wave ripples that transfer information from the _________ or ___________ to the parietal and frontal cortex. This happens both during sleep and during relaxed wakefulness.
hippocampus ; thalamus
SLEEP AND MEMORY
TRUE or FALSE
Brain prunes ineffective synapses and deleting unimportant memories.
TRUE
FUNCTIONS OF REM SLEEP
_______ spend up to 16 hours a day sleeping much or most of it in REM sleep.
Cats
FUNCTIONS OF REM SLEEP
________, _________ and ______ sleep less and spend little time in REM.
Rabbits, guinea pigs and sheep
FUNCTIONS OF REM SLEEP
_______ get more REM and more total sleep than adults do.
Infants
FUNCTIONS OF REM SLEEP
Among ____________, those who sleep 9 or more hours per night have the highest percentage of REM sleep and those who sleep 5 or fewer hours have the least percentage.
young adults
FUNCTIONS OF REM SLEEP
_________ is more tightly regulated.
NREM
Biological Perspectives on Dreaming
Dream represents the brain’s effort to make sense of sparse and distorted information.
ACTIVATION-SYNTHESIS HYPOTHESIS
Biological Perspectives on Dreaming
Dreams begin with periodic bursts of spontaneous activity in the pons - the PGO waves previously described that activate parts of the cortex.
ACTIVATION-SYNTHESIS HYPOTHESIS
Biological Perspectives on Dreaming
The main objection is that most dreams have no apparent connection to any current stimuli.
ACTIVATION-SYNTHESIS HYPOTHESIS
Biological Perspectives on Dreaming
dreams originate from the brain’s motivations, memories, and arousal.
NEUROCOGNITIVE MODEL
Biological Perspectives on Dreaming
The stimulation often produces peculiar results because it does not have to compete with normal visual input and does not get organized by the prefrontal cortex.
NEUROCOGNITIVE MODEL
Biological Perspectives on Dreaming
dreams like thinking that takes place under unusual conditions.
NEUROCOGNITIVE MODEL
Biological Perspectives on Dreaming
dreams begin with spontaneous brain activity related to recent memories - just as most daytime thinking relates to recent memories.
NEUROCOGNITIVE MODEL
Biological Perspectives on Dreaming
arousal of parts of the cerebral cortex develops into a hallucinatory perception with no sensory input to override it.
NEUROCOGNITIVE MODEL
Biological Perspectives on Dreaming
NEUROCOGNITIVE MODEL
____________. dreaming but not remembering any content.
WHITE DREAMS
Biological Perspectives on Dreaming
NEUROCOGNITIVE MODEL
activity is low in the ___________. When the person reports a white dream with no content, activity is at an intermediate level.
posterior parietal cortex
