Week 9 - Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system?

A

Provides the site for gasexchange
* Helps regulate bloodpH
* Contains receptors for smell
* Producesvocalsounds
*Excretes small amounts of water and heat

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2
Q

What are the names and loactions of all the structures in the respiratory system?

A

Upper - nose, mouth, pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box)
Lower - trachea (windpipe), bronchi, and lungs

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3
Q

What’s the difference between the conducting and respiratory zones?

A

(1) The conducting zone consists of a series of interconnecting cavities and tubes both outside and within the lungs. These include the nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles; their function is to filter, warm, and moisten air and conduct it into the lungs.
(2) The respiratory zone consists of tubes and tissues within the lungs where gas exchange occurs. These include the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli and are the main sites of gas exchange between air and blood.

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4
Q

What does the nose do?

A

(1) warming, moistening, and filtering incoming air; (2) detecting olfactory stimuli; and (3) modifying speech vibrations

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5
Q

What are external nares?

A

Nostrils

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6
Q

What is the nasal septum?

A

Divides the nasal cavity into L & R sides

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7
Q

What structures are responsible for the majority of airflow direction, humidification, heating and filtering of air inhaled through the nose.

A

Conchae (superior middle and inferior) extend out of each lateral wall of the nasal cavity. Meatuses (superior middle and inferior) - the conchae subdivide each side of the nasal cavity into a series of groovelike air pas¯ sageways

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7
Q

What structures are responsible for the majority of airflow direction, humidification, heating and filtering of air inhaled through the nose.

A

Conchae (superior middle and inferior) extend out of each lateral wall of the nasal cavity. Meatuses (superior middle and inferior) - the conchae subdivide each side of the nasal cavity into a series of groovelike air pas¯ sageways

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8
Q

What does the pharynx do?

A
  1. passageway for air and food,
  2. provides a resonating chamber for speech sounds,
  3. and houses the tonsils, which participate in immunological reactions against foreign invaders.
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9
Q

What does the larynx (or Voice Box do) do?

A

Allows for speech
Assisted by epliglottis which closes off the larynx when food or drink enter during swallowing

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10
Q

What are the branches of the bronchial tree?

A
  1. Trachea
  2. Main Bronchi
  3. Lobar Bronchi
  4. Segmental Bronchi
  5. Bronchioles
  6. Terminal Bronchioles
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11
Q

Describe the serous mebrane surrounding the lungs

A

Each lung is enclosed and protected by a doublelayered serous membrane called the pleural membrane
The superficial layer, called the parietal pleura , lines the wall of the thoracic cavity; the deep layer, the visceral pleura , covers the lungs themselves
Between the visceral and parietal pleurae is a small space, the pleural cavity , which contains a small amount of lubricating fluid secreted by the membranes.

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12
Q

Describe the gross anatomy of the lungs

A

Right is BIGGER than left
Left has cardiac notch for accommodating heart
Lobes and Fissures:
* Left lung: 2lobes, 1fissure
* Right lung: 3lobes, 3fissures Named:
* Left: Superior and Inferior separated by oblique fissure
* Right: Superior, Middle, Inferior, separated by the horizontal and oblique fissures

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13
Q

What’s the diffrence b/w alveolar ducts and sacs?

A

Alveolar ducts are attached to the end of each respiratory bronchiole.
At the end of each duct are alveolar sacs, each containing 20 to 30 alveoli

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14
Q

Name the 3 types of alveoli cells and what they do

A
  1. Type 1 alveolar cells: simple squamous epithelial cells through which gas exchange takes place
  2. Type 2 alveolar cells: Secrete surfactant which lowers surface tension
  3. Alveolar macrophage: Phagocytes that remove fine dust particles
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15
Q

What is Pulmonary Ventilation?

A
  • breathing
  • the inhalation (inflow) and exhalation (outflow) of air
  • and involves the exchange of air between the atmosphere and the alveoli of the lungs.
16
Q

What are the 2 most important muscles for inhalation?

A
  1. Diaphragm
  2. External intercostals
17
Q

What is Boyles Law and what does it relate to?

A

Inverse relationship between volume and pressure
breathing
The pressure of a gas in a closed container is inversely proportional to the volume of the container. This means that if the size of a closed container is increased, the pressure of the gas inside the container decreases, and that if the size of the container is decreased, then the pressure inside it increases.

18
Q

Which is active and which is passive, inhalation or exhalation?

A

Normal exhalation during quiet breathing, unlike inhalation, is a passive process because no muscular contractions are involved. Instead, exhalation results from elastic recoil of the chest wall and lungs, both of which have a natural tendency to spring back after they have been stretched.

19
Q

What 2 muscles aid exhalation during forceful breathing eg exercise?

A
  1. Abdominals
  2. Intercostals
20
Q

3 other factors that affect pulmonary ventilation

A

Surface tension of alveolar fluid
Compliance of the lungs
Airway Resistance (asthma, COPD)

21
Q

What are the 4 respiratory pressures?

A
  1. Atmospheric Pressure - Pressure exerted by gases surrounding the body = 760 mm Hg
  2. Intrapulmonary Pressure?
    - Pressure in the alveoli, fluctuates with breathing = 0 mm Hg (760 mm Hg)
  3. Intrapleural Pressure - Pressure in the pleural cavity, fluctuates with breathing = -4 mm Hg (756 mm Hg)
  4. Transpulmonary Pressure? The difference between intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressure = 4 mm Hg
22
Q

What is Dalton’s Law?

A

The total pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted by each gas in the mixture.
The pressure exerted by each gas, it’s partial pressure, is directly proportional to the percentage of that gas in the mixture.

23
Q

What 4 factors influence the rate of gas exchange?

A
  1. Partial pressure of different gases: Dalton’s and Henry’s laws
  2. Surface area available for gas exchange: ventilation perfusion coupling as well as disease will affect
  3. Diffusion Distance: through the cell wall, interstitial fluid and capillary wall
  4. Molecular weight and solubility of gases: depending on how well gases can dissolve into fluids can influence how quickly they are exchanged
24
Q

What is Henry’s Law?

A

For gas mixtures in contact with liquids:
Each gas will dissolve in the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure
The amount of each gas dissolved depends on:
* Solubility: 𝐶𝑂2 is 20 ́ more soluble in water than 𝑂2. Solubility increases with total pressure
* Temperature: as the temperature of a
liquid rises, solubility decreases
Example of Henryʼs law: Diver’s and decompression sickness

25
Q

What are the 4 respiratory volumes incl. tidal volume?

A

Tidal Volume (TV)?
* Amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath at resting conditions
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)?
* Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inspiration
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)?
* Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume expiration
Residual Volume (RV)?
* Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration