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AUD spring 2020 research > week 9: qualitative research > Flashcards

week 9: qualitative research Flashcards

1
Q

qualitative research basic what is it

A
  • ways of finding out what people do, know, think, and feel by observing them, interviewing them, and analyzing documents
  • depends on descriptions, categories, and words instead of numbers
  • –study in natural environment
  • useful for understanding differences in individuals
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2
Q

what is the purpose of qualitative research

A

describe, explore, or generate ideas and hypotheses which can often then be tested quantitatively

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3
Q

inductive reasoning

A

gather data, examine info, identify trends, the formulate a theory
*qualitative research uses

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4
Q

deductive reasoning

A

formulate theory, then collect data to support or refute the theory
*this is what quantitative research uses

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5
Q

is research strictly qualitative or quantitative

A

no is usually some combo of the two that leans in one way

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6
Q

7 steps to qualitative research

A

1) observe events or ask questions with open-ended answers
2) record what is observed, said, done
3) interpret the data
4) return to further observe and ask questions
5) repeat steps 2-4 as many times as needed
6) develop formal theories to explain the data obtained
7) formulate conclusions generate hypothesis

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7
Q

what are the 10 general assumptions of qualitative research

A
  • naturalistic inquiry= focus on persons, etc in their natural setting’
  • inductive analysis= begin with specific examples or facts, formulate questions, and end with principles and theories
  • holistic perspective= the whole picture is important through analyzing different parts
  • thick description= gather detailed info and triangulate data from multiple sources
  • personal contact and insight= personal biases are unavoidable and must be acknowledged
  • dynamic systems= everything is subject to constant change during research
  • unique case orientation= researchers assume each case is unique/special and deserves and in depth study
  • content sensitivity= appreciate context could influence phenomenon of interest
  • empathic neutrality= researchers remain neutral observers and are nonjudgmental
  • design flexibility= because of the nature of qualitative research, new questions are often generated during the course of the study
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8
Q

three important things for qualitative research methods to specify

A
  • role of the researcher
  • stages of research
  • methods of data analysis
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9
Q

ethnography

A
  • the study of an entire culture including groups of people as well as organizations
  • –researchers assume insider or outsider role
  • —–most commonly is participant observation where the researcher is immersed in to the culture
  • can include interviews, focus groups, document analysis, multimedia analysis
  • data validation
  • –triangulation
  • –lamination
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10
Q

lamination

A

researcher interpretation, then verifying conclusions by wising other researchers to interpret data and see how much they match
—no clear endpoint

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11
Q

field research

A

observation of phenomena in the natural state or context

*integral to ethnography

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12
Q

phenomenology

A

focuses on individual experiences, perspectives, and unique interpretations of the world

  • –seeks to understand how the world appears to others (philosophical)
  • –helps better understand situations people go through in their lives
  • verbal descriptions and in depth interviews
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13
Q

grounded theory

A
  • aims to develop theories about phenomena that are grounded in observation
  • –recurring data collection
  • –create qs
  • –verify
  • –no specific ending point
  • theories and hypothesis are created after a number of cycles or observation and verification
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14
Q

6 common qualitative research designs

A
  • case study
  • discourse analysis
  • kinesic analysis
  • direct observation
  • participant observation
  • unstructured in-depth interview
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15
Q

case study

A

intensive observations of a person, location, or event

  • types:
  • –intrinsic which seeks to gather specific info about a person, place, or thing
  • instrumental case study= seeks to understand issues or specific phenomena, generate theories, or modify theories
  • collective case study= combine several case studies
  • very flexible and effective when combo with quantitative and qualitative
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16
Q

discourse analysis

A

refers to a number of approaches to analyzing written, spoken, and signed language

  • -method of systematically describing and analyzing conversation
  • –word frequency counts
  • applied to many different conversational interaction with many different convo partner pairings
17
Q

kinesic analysis

A

the study of communication through body movements, expressions, and gestures

  • usually combines with other qualitative methods to triangulate data
  • especially difficult for several reasons and its credibility is sometimes questionable
18
Q

direct observation

A
  • detailed systematic observation of people, locations, events, or topic of interest without researchers intrusion or participation
  • –this minimizes bias
  • –observations done remotely
  • note taking or video recording and often triangulated with other info from credible sources
19
Q

data vs investigator, vs theory, vs methodological triangulation

A
  • data= using multiple data sources
  • investigator= using multiple researchers or evaluators
  • theory = using multiple perspective to interpret data
  • methodological= using multiple methods to study a single problem
20
Q

participant observation

A

in opposition to direct observation, participant observation requires the researcher to become a participant in the culture or the context being studies
—much more demanding because the researcher must become an accepted member of the culture or context he/she is studying

21
Q

unstructured in-depth interview

A
  • has
  • –open ended questions
  • –no formal structure
  • –repeated process of questions and answers that generate further questions
  • focus on broad topics and concepts and well suited for exploring sensitive, emotional, and personal issues
22
Q

focus group interviews

A

derivation of the unstructured interview which involves small groups of people who focus on specific topics

  • particularly useful for marketing
  • free-flowing and unstructured, researcher moderate and must follow a preplanned manuscript to reach goals
23
Q

can the term validity be used on qualitative research

A

no, but can use terms like trustworthy, plausible, or credible

24
Q

three issues that could arise with qualitative research and must be addressed

A

1) researcher bias- being selective in what you see, do, or hear
2) descriptive adequacy= provide an accurate actual account
3) interpretive adequacy= how well researcher captures and conveyed the meaning of an experience

25
Q

credibility

A

criterion for evaluating the believability of the study results

26
Q

credibility evaluation techniques

A
  • integrity of observations–the length and persistence of observation and the presence of triangulation of data by multiple sources
  • reflexivity- reflect on how your previous experiences and beliefs associated with the topic might have influences how you approached the research
  • peer debriefing= did anyone play the devil’s advocate/ were their disinterested parties to evaluate the conclusions
  • negative case analysis= test conclusions by a deliberate attempt to find instances of bias in data, or collect new data at odds with the conclusions
  • referential adequacy= was unanalyzed data set aside and analysed after conclusions were drawn to see if the conclusions still hold
  • member checks- how well do the conclusions of the participants reality match the conclusions of the researches
27
Q

transferrability

A

the extent to which the results can be transferred from a study to other persons, location, events and contexts

28
Q

how is transferrability improved

A
  • detailed description of the methods
  • detailed description of the focus and context of the study
  • –note transferrability is judged but the consumer of the study to if the target population of the consumer is similar to that of the research
29
Q

sequential model for combining qualitative and quantitative research

A

qualitative models are the first stage of knowledge building to discover key issues and elements for later formal quantitative structured methods

30
Q

parallel model for combining qualitative and quantitative research

A

some models effectively conduct qualitative methods together with quantitative

31
Q

coordinated sub-studies model for combining qualitative and quantitative research

A

qualitative studies as part of a larger program project of long term study

32
Q

integrated model for combining qualitative and quantitative research

A

methodologically diverse concepts and data are integrated at each stage within the study design to develop a robust evaluation of each emerging finding and set of data

AUD spring 2020 research (7 decks)

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