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Nutrition & Disease > Week 9 - Liver > Flashcards

Week 9 - Liver Flashcards

1
Q

Fatty Liver Disease

A

accumulation of fat (steatosis) in the liver

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2
Q

alcoholic liver disease

A

steatosis in the liver associated with excessive alcohol intake

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3
Q

non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

A

steatosis in the liver in the absence of excessive alcohol intake

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4
Q

most extreme form of NAFLD

A

non-alcoholic steatohepatitis

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5
Q

Hepatitis

A

inflammation of the liver

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6
Q

Hepatitis A and E can be spread via

A

contaminated food and water

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7
Q

Which of A and E cause chronic infection

A

E

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8
Q

Which hepatitis can infect and inflame the liver?

A

B,C,D, and E

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9
Q

What is the hepatitis and nutrition connection?

A

There is no nutrition connection with preventing these viruses.

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10
Q

Fibrosis:

A

excessive deposition of collagen in a tissue

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11
Q

Cirrhosis:

A

irreversible architectural disturbance characterised by nodules of hepatocytes with intervening fibrosis.

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12
Q

Genetic Liver Diseases:

A

Gilbert’s Syndrome, Haemochromatosis

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13
Q

Liver Function - Carbohydrates

A
  • Converts fructose and galactose to glucose.
  • Makes and stores glycogen.
  • Makes glucose from AA and glycerol.
  • Converts excess glucose to FA.
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14
Q

Liver Function - Proteins

A
  • Manufactures non-essential AA
  • Removes ammonia from blood to convert to urea from excretion
  • Makes nitrogen containing compound
  • Makes plasma proteins, e.g. clotting factors
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15
Q

Liver Function - Lipids

A
  • Builds and breaks down triglycerides, phospholipids and cholesterol
  • Breaks down FA when needed
  • Makes lipoproteins to transport excess lipids
  • Makes ketone bodies where necessary
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16
Q

Liver Functions - Other

A
  • Detoxifies alcohol and other drugs.
  • Helps dismantle old RBCs and captures iron for recycling.
  • Stores most vitamins and many minerals.
17
Q

Liver - worldwide burden

A

cirrhosis of the liver ranked 11th
1.8% of deaths
980 000 deaths

18
Q

Liver - Australian burden

A
  • Two million Australians are, or have been, affected by liver, bile duct or gall bladder disease
  • More than 2000 Australians die each year from chronic liver diseases, cirrhosis and cancers of the liver, gall bladder and bile ducts…
  • Liver cancer most rapidly increasing cancer worldwide
19
Q

Which hepatitis significantly increase the risk of liver cancer?

A

Hepatitis B and C.

20
Q

NAFLD, ALD, and NASH can lead to:

A

cirrhosis and liver failure

21
Q

Known risk factors for NAFLD:

A
  • obesity
  • type 2 diabetes
  • hyperlipidemia
  • other associations: insulin resistance, high blood pressure
22
Q

Consequences: reduced function of the liver in ADL and NASH:

A
  • Difficulty with gluconeogenesis which can lead to CNS damage (encephalopathy)
  • Over-abundance of Acetyl-CoA with low BGL leads to ketosis (nervous system impact again)
  • Reduced immune function due to alcohol altering AA and protein metabolism.
23
Q

Cirrhosis can lead to:

A
  • Portal hypertension (oesophageal varices), liver failure (ascites, jaundice, muscle wasting, encephalopathy), liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma).
    [Portal hypertension can lead to ascites.]
  • jaundice, blood clotting abnormalities, steatorrhoea, osteoporosis
24
Q

Deaths Australia ALD

A

9-11% rise in last 30 years

In 2007, 676 people died from ALD

25
Q

What happens to hepatic cells with fatty liver disease?

A
  • Hepatic cells become much less efficient at performing tasks.
  • Distribution of nutrients and oxygen to the hepatic cells deteriorates.
26
Q

Biochemistry of alcohol effect on liver.

A

Excessive alcohol consumption causes fatty acid accumulation in the liver. Alcohol metabolism uses niacin in the co-enzyme NAD: NAD is used for glycolysis, TCA cycle and the ETC and without it they cannot function.
Accumulation of H+ occurs. Fatty acid synthesis increases.

27
Q

Genetic contribution to ALD:

A
  • Genetic polymorphisms of alcohol metabolising enzymes.

- Females more susceptible than males.

28
Q

Other drugs that can contribute to fatty liver disease:

A
  • Corticosteroids.
  • Tetracycline.
  • Carbon tetracycline.
29
Q

NAFLD patients have a higher/lower intake of:

A

higher - soft drinks, meat

lower - fish rich in omega-3

30
Q

Excess dietary glucose is believed to lead to:

A
  • insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and also progressive hepatocyte triglyceride accumulation (NAFLD)
31
Q

What type of diet led to improvement in blood biochemical reduction in GGT

A

low CHO

32
Q

Suggestions for preventing fatty liver disease:

A
  • choose to lead a healthy lifestyle
  • if overweight, strive for a gradual and sustained weight loss
  • eat a well-balanced diet that is low in saturated fats and high in fibre
  • introduce exercise into your routine, at least four times a week
  • avoid alcohol
33
Q

Most common inherited disorder in Australians of European origin:

A

Haemochromatosis

34
Q

Liver disease is a major complication in children and young adults with what genetic disease?

A

Cystic Fibrosis

Nutrition & Disease (7 decks)

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