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BMS 250 test 2 > Week 9 Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Week 9 Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the origin of the nephric system?

A

Urogenital ridges

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2
Q

What are the three stages of kidney development?

A
  • Pronephros
  • Mesonephros
  • Metanephros
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3
Q

What is the function of the pronephros?

A

Temporary filtration system

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4
Q

How many pairs of tubules does the pronephros consist of?

A

6–10 pairs of tubules

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5
Q

At what week does the pronephros disappear completely?

A

By the 4th week

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6
Q

During which weeks does the mesonephros develop?

A

4–8 weeks

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7
Q

What structures develop from the mesonephros?

A
  • Bowman’s capsule
  • Glomerulus
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8
Q

What is the metanephros considered?

A

Primitive proper kidney

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9
Q

What does the cephalic end of the ureteric bud form?

A

Renal pelvis

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10
Q

What is formed from the outgrowths of the renal pelvis?

A

Primitive collecting ducts

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11
Q

What is the glomerulus?

A

Fully developed by the 36th week

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12
Q

Where does the metanephros arise?

A

Opposite the 28th somite (L4)

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13
Q

What anatomical anomalies can occur during kidney ascent?

A
  • Ectopic kidney
  • Horseshoe kidney
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14
Q

What is the shape of the kidneys?

A

Bean-shaped organs

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15
Q

Where are the kidneys located?

A

Under the rib cage behind the peritoneal cavity

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16
Q

What is the flow path of urine in the kidneys?

A
  • Pyramids
  • Papilla
  • Minor calyx
  • Major calyx
  • Renal pelvis
  • Ureter
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17
Q

What constitutes the medulla of the kidney?

A

Kidney pyramids

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18
Q

What is the nephron?

A

Functional unit of the kidney

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19
Q

How many nephrons are typically found in a kidney?

A

1 million+ nephrons

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20
Q

What is the role of the nephron?

A

Modify filtered fluid to form urine

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21
Q

What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

A structure formed by macula densa, juxtaglomerular cells, and distal tubule

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22
Q

What is the space between the tuft and Bowman’s capsule called?

A

Capsular space

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23
Q

What are podocytes?

A

Cells that wrap around glomerular capillaries

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24
Q

What is the urinary space in Bowman’s capsule?

A

Space where fluid filters from the glomerulus

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25
Q

What does the proximal convoluted tubule consist of?

A

Single layer of epithelial cells resting on a basement membrane

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26
Q

Where does the Loop of Henle begin?

A

At the border between the outer and inner stripe of the outer medulla

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27
Q

What is the macula densa?

A

Salt sensors that assess kidney function

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28
Q

What is the function of glomerular mesangial cells?

A
  • Remove trapped material
  • Provide physical support
  • Release cytokines
  • Maintain filtration rate
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29
Q

What is the role of the afferent arteriole?

A

Brings blood into the glomerulus

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30
Q

What does the efferent arteriole do?

A

Drains blood from the glomerulus

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31
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ is the first portion of the tubule located opposite the vascular pole.

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

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32
Q

What connects several nephrons to form a cortical collecting duct?

A

Connecting tubules

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33
Q

What do cortical collecting ducts become as they enter the medulla?

A

Outer medullary collecting ducts and then inner medullary collecting ducts

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34
Q

What are the larger ducts formed from merging inner medullary collecting ducts called?

A

Papillary collecting ducts

35
Q

What does each papillary collecting duct empty into?

A

A calyx of the renal pelvis

36
Q

What is the tubular fluid referred to as after it enters a calyx?

37
Q

Name the cell types found in the nephron.

A
  • Glomerular mesangial cells
  • Podocytes
  • Macula densa
38
Q

What is the function of principal cells in the distal convoluted tubule?

A

Respond to aldosterone (increase sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion)

39
Q

What is the role of intercalated cells in the nephron?

A

Acid–base balance

40
Q

What hormone do inner medullary collecting-duct cells respond to?

A

ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)

41
Q

Where is the juxtaglomerular apparatus located?

A

Where the thick ascending limb meets macula densa

42
Q

Name the three cell types found in the juxtaglomerular apparatus.

A
  • Granular cells
  • Extraglomerular mesangial cells
  • Macula densa cells
43
Q

What do granular cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus contain?

44
Q

What is the function of macula densa cells?

A

Salt sensors

45
Q

What is the function of the glomerulus in the renal corpuscle?

A

Initial filtration of blood

46
Q

What does Bowman’s capsule do?

A

Collects initial filtrate

47
Q

What is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule?

A
  • Most filtered water
  • Glucose
  • Amino acids
  • Ions
48
Q

What is the permeability of the descending limb of the Loop of Henle?

A

Permeable to only water

49
Q

What does the ascending limb of the Loop of Henle transport?

A

Only ions out of the tubular fluid

50
Q

What is reabsorbed in the distal convoluted tubule?

A

Ions (aldosterone)

51
Q

What is the primary function of the collecting duct?

A

Water reabsorption (ADH) and ion balance

52
Q

From what does the ureter originate embryologically?

A

Ureteric bud

53
Q

Where do the ureters travel inside the body?

A

Retroperitoneal space

54
Q

List the three constriction sites of the ureters.

A
  • Renal pelvis
  • Pelvic brim anterior to the bifurcation of the common iliac artery
  • Entrance to the bladder
55
Q

In male anatomy, how does the ureter course in relation to the ductus deferens?

A

Alongside the ductus deferens and anterior to the seminal vesicle

56
Q

In female anatomy, where does the ureter course in relation to the cervix?

A

Lateral to the cervix and inferior to the uterine artery

57
Q

Where is the urinary bladder located?

A

Between the pubis and pelvic diaphragm

58
Q

What shape does the superior surface of the bladder take when empty?

A

Dome-shaped

59
Q

What is the apex of the bladder a remnant of?

A

The embryonic remnant of the urachus

60
Q

What is the trigone in the bladder?

A

The triangular area between the openings of the ureters

61
Q

What type of muscle is the detrusor muscle?

A

Smooth muscle

62
Q

What does parasympathetic contraction of the detrusor muscle cause?

63
Q

What enables urine storage in the bladder?

A

Sympathetic relaxation of the detrusor muscle

64
Q

What type of muscle is the internal urethral sphincter?

A

Smooth muscle

65
Q

What nerve innervates the external urethral sphincter?

A

Pudendal nerve (S2–S4)

66
Q

What arteries supply the bladder?

A

Superior and inferior vesical arteries from branches of the internal iliac artery and vaginal arteries in females

The superior and inferior vesical arteries are critical for the vascular supply of the bladder

67
Q

What is the venous drainage of the bladder?

A

Vesical plexus of veins à internal iliac veins

The vesical plexus collects blood from the bladder and drains into the internal iliac veins

68
Q

Which spinal cord levels provide parasympathetic innervation to the bladder?

A

S2–S4 spinal cord levels

These levels are crucial for the autonomic control of bladder functions

69
Q

What nerves enter the inferior hypogastric plexus?

A

Pelvic splanchnic nerves for parasympathetic innervation and sacral splanchnic nerves for sympathetic innervation

These nerves play a key role in the autonomic regulation of bladder function

70
Q

What happens during the micturition reflex?

A

Bladder distends, visceral sensory fibers relay stretch to spinal cord, pelvic splanchnic nerves synapse, detrusor muscle contracts, internal urethral sphincter relaxes, external urethral sphincter relaxes

This sequence of events is essential for the process of urination

71
Q

What are the three parts of the male urethra?

A
  • Prostatic
  • Membranous
  • Penile

Each part has distinct anatomical features and vascular supplies

72
Q

What is the arterial supply of the prostatic urethra?

A

Inferior vesical artery from the internal iliac

The inferior vesical artery is specifically responsible for vascularizing the prostatic urethra

73
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the parietal layer of the glomerular capsule?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

This epithelium is crucial for the structure of the renal corpuscle

74
Q

What are podocytes?

A

Unusual stellate epithelial cells in the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule

Podocytes play a vital role in the filtration process in the kidneys

75
Q

What forms the glomerular filtration barrier?

A

Filtration slit pores between pedicels and slit diaphragms

This barrier is essential for the selective filtration of blood in the kidneys

76
Q

What characterizes the cells of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?

A
  • Simple cuboidal epithelium
  • Central nuclei
  • Acidophilic cytoplasm
  • Prominent brush border

These features are important for the reabsorption functions of the PCT

77
Q

What is the histological feature of the thin descending and ascending limbs of the Loop of Henle?

A

Both are composed of simple squamous epithelia

This structure facilitates the function of the Loop of Henle in urine concentration

78
Q

What distinguishes the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) from the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?

A

DCT cells are smaller, lack a brush border, and have fewer mitochondria

These histological differences reflect their distinct functions in the nephron

79
Q

What are the characteristics of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)?

A
  • Macula densa with columnar cells
  • Juxtaglomerular (JG) cells with secretory phenotype
  • Extraglomerular mesangial cells with supportive functions

The JGA plays a critical role in regulating blood pressure and filtration rate

80
Q

What type of cells are found in the collecting ducts of the nephron?

A

Pale-staining principal cells with few organelles and distinct cell boundaries

These cells are important for water reabsorption and ion transport

81
Q

What histological features are found in the ureters?

A
  • Mucosal layer
  • Muscular layer
  • Adventitial layer
  • Urothelium with three layers

The ureters’ structure is adapted for their function in urine transport

82
Q

What is the histological feature of umbrella cells in the urinary bladder?

A

Well-developed to protect against hypertonic urine

Umbrella cells are crucial for the bladder’s function and structural integrity

83
Q

How does the urethra histology differ between males and females?

A

Males have prostatic, membranous, and spongy urethra; females have transitional epithelium transitioning to nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

The differences reflect the anatomical and functional distinctions between male and female urinary systems

BMS 250 test 2 (11 decks)

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