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PAR2011 - ALS > Week 9 > Flashcards

Week 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the equation for Mean Arterial Pressure?

A

MAP = Peripheral resistance x cardiac output

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2
Q

What is the equation for cardiac output

A

CO = HR x SV

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3
Q

What is the equation for stroke volume?

A

SV = end diastolic volume - end systolic volume

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4
Q

What are the 4 factors effecting perfusion?

A
  • Blood volume
  • Adequate pump
  • Vessel tone
  • Obstruction in CVS
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5
Q

What are 4 factors that lead to shock?

A
  • Inadequate blood volume
  • inadequate pump
  • decreased vessel tone
  • obstruction in CVS
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6
Q

What is shock?

A

Loss of fluid or disruption of the fluid flow around the circulatory system.

Imbalance between supply and demand of O2

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7
Q

What are the causes of shock?

A
  • Trauma
  • Blood loss
  • Heart disease
  • Burns
  • Poisoning
  • Infection
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8
Q

What are the classifications (types) of shock?

A
  • Hypovolaemic
  • Cardiogenic
  • Distributive
  • > Neurogenic
  • > Septic
  • > Anaphylactic
  • Obstructive
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9
Q

What type of shock effects end diastolic volume?

A

Hypovolaemic & obstructive

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10
Q

What type of shock effects end systolic volume?

A

Cardiogenic

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11
Q

What type of shock effects Peripheral resistance?

A

Distributive

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12
Q

What is the average blood volume of a person?

A

70 - 80 mls/kg

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13
Q

What are Erythrocytes?

A

Red blood cells

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14
Q

What are Leucocytes?

A

White blood cells

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15
Q

What are thrombocytes?

A

Platelets

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16
Q

Whats is tPA and what does it do?

A

Tissue plasminogen activator

  • Released from endothelial cells and converts plasminogen to plasmin
  • plasmin breaks down fibrin in clots
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17
Q

What are the three types of bleeding?

A
  • Capillary
  • Venous
  • Arterial
18
Q

What are indications of capillary bleeding?

A
  • dark red
  • slowly ooze
  • easily controlled
19
Q

What are indications of venous bleeding?

A
  • dark red
  • steady flow
  • non-pulsatile
20
Q

What are indications of arterial bleeding?

A
  • bright red

- spurting blood

21
Q

How many classes of shock are there?

A

4

22
Q

What categorises Class 1 of Shock?

A
  • upto 15% blood loss (750mls)
  • body compensates by constricting blood vessels
  • Pt remains alert
  • BP in normal limoits
  • Pulse slightly elevated or normal and remains strongs
  • RR and depths remain normal
  • skin colour and temp remain normal
23
Q

What categorises Class 2 of Shock?

A
  • upto 30% blood loss (750 -1500mls)
  • vasoconstriction continues to maintain BP
  • blood flow shunted to vital organs
  • Pt becomes confused and restless
  • Skin turns pale, cool, dry
  • Delayed capillary refill
  • sympathetic response activates - increased HR, pulse quality weakens
  • RR increases
24
Q

What categorises Class 3 of Shock?

A
  • upto 40% blood loss (1500 - 2000mls)
  • Compensatory mechanisms begin to fail eg. vasoconstriction can no longer maintain BP which now falls
  • Cardiac output and tissue perfusion continue to decrease
  • Pt becomes more confused and restless and anxious
  • Classic signs of shock present (rapid thready pulse, hypotension, elevated RR and depth, CPC skin)
  • Oliguria (decreased urine output leading to renal failure)
  • Thirst
25
Q

What categorises Class 4 of Shock?

A
  • More than 40% (>2000mls)
  • Vasoconstriction now becomes a complication itself further impairing perfusion
  • Pt becomes lethargic, drowsy or stuporous
  • Signs of shock more pronounces (BP continues to fall)
  • Lack of blood to brain and vital organs leads to multiple organ dysfunction and death.
26
Q

Whats a technical name for nose bleed?

A

Epistaxis

27
Q

Types of oral bleeds?

A
  • Haemoptysis (coughing blood)
  • Haematemesis (vomitting blood)
  • Malena
28
Q

Technical name for urinary tract bleed?

A

Haematuria

29
Q

Types of PV bleeds?

A
  • Menorrhagia

- Post partum

30
Q

Types of PR bleeds?

A
  • Haematochezia

- Malena

31
Q

How much blood can be lost through radius & ulna?

A

400 mls

32
Q

How much blood can be lost through humerus?

A

800mls

33
Q

How much blood can be lost through tibia?

A

1000mls each

34
Q

How much blood can be lost through femur?

A

2000mls each

35
Q

How much blood can be lost through pelvis?

A

5000mls

36
Q

What are some medications that effect bleeding?

A
  • Warfarin
  • Aspirin
  • Rivaroxaban (Xarelto)
37
Q

What are some diseases/procedures that effect bleeding?

A
  • Disseminated Intravascular coagulation
  • Haemophilia
  • Coronary angiogram
38
Q

What are some life events that effect bleeding?

A

pregnancy

39
Q

What should you consider when managing haemorrhage control?

A

Kinematics - understanding mechanism of injury looking at motions

40
Q

When and how do you use a tourniquet?

A

Extremities only
- apply >5mc above wound site

Use when:

  • pending time constraints
  • limited resources
  • difficult access
  • environment

PAR2011 - ALS (11 decks)

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