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PAR2011 - ALS > Week 10 > Flashcards

Week 10 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the variations within the spectrum altered conscious state?

A
  • Conscious
  • Confusion and disorientation
  • Lethargy
  • Stupor
  • Vegetative state
  • Coma
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2
Q

what does the acronym AEIOU TIPS stand for?

A

A - alcohol

E - epilepsy, encephalitis, electrolyte imbalances, endocrine disorders

I - Insulin, Ischaemia

O - Overdose, decreased Oxygen

U - Uremia

T - Trauma, temperature

I - Infection

P - Poisons

S - Shock, Stroke, sever sepsis

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3
Q

What is another word for flexion in motor gcs?

A

decorticate

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4
Q

What is another word for extension in motor gcs?

A

decerebrate

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5
Q

Disorientation occurs to 4 stages… what are they?

A

First to time
Second to place
Then short term memory
Then loss of recognition of self

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6
Q

What is lethargy?

A

a state resembling profound slumber.

Lethargic patient can only be aroused with moderate external stimuli

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7
Q

What is stupor?

A

deep sleep or unresponsiveness

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8
Q

What is a vegetative state?

A

no evidence of self awareness to verbal or tactile stimuli

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9
Q

What is a coma?

A

pt is unresponsive to all stimuli including pain

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10
Q

What are some effects of alcohol?

A
  • resp depression
  • irritates oesophagus and stomach
  • increase vomit risk
  • gag reflex depression
  • aspiration
  • vasodilation of peripheral blood vessels which can leaded to hypothermia
  • hypotension
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11
Q

what are the stages of alcohol concentration?

A
  1. 05 - feeling of wellbeing
  2. 05 - 0.08 - risky state
  3. 08-0.15 - Dangerous state
  4. 15-0.30 - Stupor

> 0.3 - death

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12
Q

What is epilepsy?

A

Disruption of normal electrochemical activity of the brain resulting in seizures.

Only when tendency to have more than one seizure is epilepsy diagnosed

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13
Q

define epilepsy and seizures in general?

A

paroxysmal motor , sensory and cognitive manifestations from a collection of neurons

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14
Q

What are the types of epileptic seizures?

A

Partial:

  • simple partial
  • complex partial

Generalised:

  • Absent
  • Myoclonic
  • Tonic clonic
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15
Q

What is a simple partial seizure?

A
  • no impairement to consciousness
  • can present with localised motor mvmt
  • can present with sensory disturbance
  • can present with diaphoresis, hypotension, pupillary changes
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16
Q

What is a simple complex seizure?

A
  • impairs consciousness
  • start localised and can become more generalised
  • accompanied by unconscious behaviours such as lip smacking, patting, grimacing etc
  • > can be Post Ictal State (After seizure)
  • confusion
  • deja vu
  • unfamiliar with surrounding
  • detached
  • depersonalised
17
Q

What is a generalised absent seizure?

A
  • non convulsive
  • disturbance in consciousness
  • limited signs and symptoms
  • mainly occurs in children
18
Q

What is a Myoclonic seizure?

A
  • brief involuntary muscle contractions
  • Bilateral rigid violent contractions of muscles
  • Jolting
  • Impaired conscious state during
19
Q

What is a tonic clonic seizure?

A
  • most common
  • sharp tonic contraction with extension of extremities and immediate loss of consciousness
  • Incontinence
  • Cyanosis - constriction of airways
  • followed by Clonic phase (jerking)
  • bilateral contraction and reaction of extremities
  • deviation of eyes
  • last 60-90 seconds
20
Q

What is Encephalopathy?

A
  • brain disease, damage or malfunction

- main symptom is altered conscious state

21
Q

What can cause Encephalopathy?

A
  • infection
  • anoxia
  • brain trauma
  • alcohol
  • liver failure
  • metabolic disease
  • toxic chemicals
22
Q

In electrolyte abnormalities, what is Hypernatraemia?

A

Sodium levels >145mEq/L

  • dehydration… more sodium in ECF means less in cells
23
Q

What are signs and symptoms of hypernatraemia?

A
  • Aliguria
  • Polydipsia
  • Dri skin
  • Tachycardic
  • Decrease BP
  • Headache
24
Q

What is Hyponatraemia?

A

Excessive loss of sodium or excessive water intake

Plasma sodium <135mEq/L

25
Q

What are signs and symptoms of Hyponatraemia?

A
  • Muscle cramps
  • weakness
  • headache
  • depression
26
Q

what is the impact of ischaemia on the brain in regards to time?

A

10 seconds - depletion of oxygen

2-4mins - depletion of glucose

2-4 mins - conversion of anaerobic metabolism

4-5 mins - exhaustion of cellular ATP

> 5mins - dysfunction

27
Q

What is Uremia?

A

urea buildup in blood

Normal levels = 20mg/L

Renal failure = 800mg/L

Urea normally filtered by kidneys

28
Q

What is the coup and contra coup injury in brain injuries?

A

Coup is site of external force.

Contra coup is injury where the brain rebounds in the skull causing injury.

29
Q

What is normal Intracranial pressure?

A

0-15mmHg

80% brain tissue
10% blood tissue
10% cerebro spinal fluid

30
Q

what temp defines hyperthermia?

A

> 38.5

31
Q

what temp defines hypothermia?

A

<35

but hypothermic cardiac arrest in anything below 30 degrees

PAR2011 - ALS (11 decks)

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