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NSG-2321 Exam 2 > Week 9 > Flashcards

Week 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main structures of the gastrointestinal system?

A

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

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2
Q

What are the four main functions of the gastrointestinal system?

A

Ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination

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3
Q

What stimulates the appetite center located in the hypothalamus?

A

Hypoglycemia, empty stomach, decreased body temperature, brain input, hormones (ghrelin, leptin)

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4
Q

What is deglutition?

A

Swallowing

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5
Q

Where does digestion begin?

A

In the mouth

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6
Q

What are the primary functions of the small intestine?

A

Digestion and absorption

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7
Q

What is the most important function of the large intestine?

A

Absorption of water and electrolytes

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8
Q

What is haustral churning?

A

A process in the large intestine that aids in mixing and moving contents

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9
Q

What is the Valsalva maneuver?

A

A technique used to facilitate defecation

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10
Q

What are the two primary functions of the liver?

A

Manufacture and storage of substances involved in metabolism

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11
Q

What are the exocrine functions of the pancreas?

A

Contributes to digestion

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12
Q

What subjective data should be collected during a gastrointestinal assessment?

A

Appetite, dysphagia, food intolerance, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, bowel habits, nutrition assessment

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13
Q

What causes diarrhea?

A

Decreased fluid absorption, increased fluid secretion, motility disturbances

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14
Q

What is the definition of constipation?

A

Decrease in the frequency of bowel movements; typically hard, difficult-to-pass stools

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15
Q

What are some nursing interventions for nausea?

A

IV fluid therapy with electrolyte and glucose replacement until able to tolerate oral intake

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16
Q

What are the complications of prolonged or chronic constipation?

A

Hemorrhoids, bowel obstructions

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17
Q

What diagnostic tests are commonly used for the gastrointestinal system?

A

Blood tests, abdominal ultrasound, stool samples, upper/lower gastrointestinal series

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18
Q

What is gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?

A

Clinically significant symptomatic condition or histopathological alteration due to reflux of gastric contents into the lower esophagus

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19
Q

What are common clinical manifestations of GERD?

A

Burning/tightness in the esophagus, wheezing, coughing

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20
Q

What are the major complications of GERD?

A

Esophagitis, esophageal stricture, Barrett’s Esophagus, bronchospasm, aspiration, dental erosion

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21
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of peptic ulcer disease (PUD)?

A

Pain, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, complications such as hemorrhage, perforation, gastric outlet obstruction

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22
Q

What is the treatment approach for peptic ulcer disease?

A

Rest, dietary modifications, lifestyle changes, drug therapy (PPIs, antacids, antibiotics), surgical management

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23
Q

What is the role of the gallbladder in the gastrointestinal system?

A

Storage and concentration of bile

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24
Q

What are the functions of bile?

A

Aids in digestion and absorption of fats

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25
What is the purpose of stool cultures?
To detect infections such as Clostridium difficile
26
What is the significance of the H. pylori-urea breath test?
To diagnose H. pylori infection associated with peptic ulcers
27
What is the purpose of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)?
To visualize the bile ducts and pancreatic duct
28
What dietary modifications can help manage GERD?
Eat small, frequent meals, avoid irritants, remain upright after eating
29
What is the function of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)?
To decrease gastric acid secretion
30
What are the common types of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD)?
Ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease
31
What are the primary symptoms of diverticulitis?
Abdominal pain, fever, nausea, changes in bowel habits
32
What are the common laxatives used in practice?
Bulk-forming agents, osmotic agents, stimulant laxatives
33
What does a liver biopsy assess?
The health of liver tissue and to diagnose liver diseases
34
The GI tract is innervated by:
The autonomic nervous system (PNS and SNS)
35
Large intestine has four parts
1. Cecum and appendix 2. Colon (ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid colon) 3. The rectum 4. The anus
36
Small intestine has three parts
1. Duodenum 2. Jejunum 3. Ileum
37
What is Barretts esophagus
Esophageal metaplasia which is considered a precancerous lesion that increases the patients risk for esophageal cancer
38
Collaborative care for treatment of GERD
Diet therapy - frequent small meals, avoidance of eating before bedtime, avoid trigger foods, eat low fat- high protein foods Positioning - sitting up during and after meals and sleeping with head of bed elevated Avoid tight fitting clothing - and smoking cessation to improve LES pressure Antacids - to neutralize acidic content of the stomach and minimize irritation Histamine 2 receptor antagonists - to inhibit gastric acid secretion (ranitidine, famotidine) proton pump inhibitors - to reduce gastric acidity (pantoprazole, omeprazole) Acid protective - sucralfate - cholinergic Prokinetic agents - to increase gastric motility Surgery - nissenfundoplication - endoscopic therapy
39
What are the main structures of the gastrointestinal system?
Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus, liver, gallbladder, pancreas.
40
What does intersectionality consider in relation to the gastrointestinal system?
Social factors such as race, gender, and socioeconomic status that may influence gastrointestinal health.
41
What is the purpose of common diagnostics related to the gastrointestinal system?
To assess and diagnose gastrointestinal diseases and conditions.
42
What is gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD)?
A chronic condition characterized by the backward flow of stomach contents into the esophagus.
43
What are the clinical manifestations of gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD)?
Heartburn, regurgitation, difficulty swallowing, chest pain, and cough.
44
What are the complications of gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD)?
Esophagitis, strictures, Barrett's esophagus, and esophageal cancer.
45
What is peptic ulcer disease (PUD)?
A condition where open sores develop on the lining of the stomach or the duodenum.
46
What are the clinical manifestations of peptic ulcer disease (PUD)?
Abdominal pain, bloating, indigestion, nausea, and in severe cases, bleeding.
47
What are the major types of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD)?
Ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease.
48
What is ulcerative colitis (UC)?
A chronic IBD characterized by inflammation and ulceration of the rectum and colon.
49
What are the complications associated with ulcerative colitis (UC)?
Hemorrhage, perforation, toxic megacolon, colorectal cancer, anemia.
50
What are common diagnostic methods for ulcerative colitis (UC)?
Colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, barium enema, abdominal imaging (CT, MRI).
51
What is Crohn's disease?
A type of IBD that can affect any part of the GI tract, characterized by transmural inflammation.
52
What are the clinical manifestations of Crohn's disease?
Abdominal pain, diarrhea (often non-bloody), weight loss, malaise.
53
What are the complications of Crohn's disease?
Abscesses, fistulas, bowel obstruction, malnutrition.
54
What is diverticulosis?
The presence of diverticula (pouches) in the intestinal wall, often asymptomatic.
55
What is diverticulitis?
Inflammation of diverticula, causing abdominal pain, fever, and elevated WBC count.
56
What are common laxatives used in practice?
Bulk-forming laxatives, stimulant laxatives, osmotic laxatives.
57
What is colorectal cancer?
A malignant disease of the colon or rectum, often asymptomatic until advanced.
58
What are the clinical manifestations of colorectal cancer?
Rectal bleeding, alternating constipation and diarrhea, anemia, abdominal cramps.
59
What is cirrhosis?
The final stage of liver disease characterized by fibrosis and disorganized liver regeneration.
60
What are the common diagnostic studies for colorectal cancer?
Colonoscopy, digital rectal examination, fecal occult blood test, imaging studies.
61
What are the goals of therapy for inflammatory bowel diseases?
Adherence to medications, reduce discomfort, avoid GI complications.
62
What is the typical age of diagnosis for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)?
Youth and early adulthood, with a second peak at ages 50-70.
63
Fill in the blank: The main treatment for diverticulitis during symptomatic phases includes a _______.
Clear liquid diet.
64
True or False: Diverticulosis is always symptomatic.
False.
65
What dietary modifications are recommended for Crohn's disease during acute phases?
High-calorie, high-protein, fat-free, no-residue diet.
66
What are the two types of surgical therapy for ulcerative colitis?
Total proctocolectomy with permanent ileostomy and total proctocolectomy with ileoanal reservoir.
67
What are some health promotion strategies in the context of patient care?
Health promotion, acute intervention, preoperative care, postoperative care, ambulatory and home care ## Footnote These strategies aim to enhance patient outcomes and manage disease progression.
68
What are the goals of evaluation in patient care?
Appropriate treatment, normal bowel elimination patterns, quality of life, relief of pain, feelings of comfort and well-being ## Footnote These goals help assess the effectiveness of treatment plans.
69
What is cirrhosis?
The final stage of liver disease characterized by fibrosis and scar tissue formation ## Footnote It results from disorganized regeneration attempts of the liver.
70
What are common etiologies of cirrhosis?
* Chronic viral hepatitis * NAFLD (non-alcoholic fatty liver disease) * Autoimmune hepatitis * Excessive alcohol intake ## Footnote These factors contribute to the development of cirrhosis.
71
How is cirrhosis classified?
Compensated and decompensated ## Footnote Compensated cirrhosis means the liver can still perform most functions; decompensated indicates impaired normal processes.
72
What are the liver enzymes used in diagnostic studies for cirrhosis?
* Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) * Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) * Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) * Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) * Albumin, bilirubin, INR ## Footnote These enzymes are crucial for assessing liver function.
73
What are key components of conservative management of cirrhosis?
* Avoidance of alcohol * Avoidance of sedatives * Avoidance of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs * Avoidance of hepatotoxic medications * Rest (in decompensated cirrhosis) ## Footnote These measures help prevent further liver damage.
74
What is the management strategy for ascites in cirrhotic patients?
* Diuretics * Low-sodium diet * Paracentesis (if indicated) * TIPS ## Footnote These interventions aim to alleviate fluid accumulation.
75
What are the management options for esophageal varices?
* Balloon tamponade * Nonselective β-blockers (e.g., nadolol) * Octreotide * Vasopressin * Endoscopic sclerotherapy or band ligation * TIPS ## Footnote These options help control bleeding complications.
76
What is the goal in managing hepatic encephalopathy?
Reduce the amount of ammonia ## Footnote This is achieved by administering lactulose.
77
What is lactulose used for?
Treatment of constipation, hepatic encephalopathy, and other conditions ## Footnote It helps draw water into the bowel, softening stool.
78
What are the common bowel movement goals for patients with liver disease?
3-4 BM/day ## Footnote This target helps manage symptoms related to hepatic encephalopathy.
79
What are risks associated with parenteral nutrition (PN)?
* Hyperglycemia * Sepsis * Fat emboli * Electrolyte imbalance ## Footnote These risks arise from the high carbohydrate content and invasive nature of PN.
80
What are considerations for enteral nutrition (EN)?
* Tube feeding safety * Patients prone to diarrhea * Risk for aspiration pneumonia ## Footnote These factors are important for effective management of nutrition in patients.
81
What is the most common adverse effect from oral laxatives?
Diarrhea ## Footnote This is a frequent side effect associated with laxative use.

NSG-2321 Exam 2 (4 decks)

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