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3s2: Plant biotechnology > Week 9 > Flashcards

Week 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What is an overview of food security?

A

Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life. (FAO)

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2
Q

What are nutrients we get from food?

A

Macronutrients
Carbohydrates, proteins and fats – fuels and building blocks
Fibre – bowel health, satiation

Micronutrients
Essential amino acids, trace minerals, vitamins

Phytonutrients
Protective functions

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3
Q

What is an overview of carbohydrates?

A

Carbohydrates are sugars. They can exist as monomers like glucose and dimers like sucrose
Carbohydrates can also be long polymers.
Starch is a polymer of glucose joined with an alpha linkage. Cellulose is a polymer of glucose joined with a beta linkage.

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4
Q

What is an overview of Carbohydrate metabolism?

A

Every cell in your body uses glucose to produce energy (ATP)
Excess glucose stored as glycogen (short-term storage) or fat

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5
Q

What is an overview of carbohydrates digestion?

A

In your body, starch and sucrose are converted into glucose.
Mammals do not produce an enzyme that breaks the bonds in cellulose, so it is not absorbed but passes through the gut undigested
Some animals carry cellulose-digesting bacteria in their gut, but we don’t

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6
Q

What is an overview of amino acids?

A

Twenty amino acids comprise the universal building blocks of proteins
The nitrogen-containing amino group is an important feature of amino acids
The side chain, R, of an amino acid determines its chemical properties. Protein properties are specified their amino acid composition

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7
Q

What is an overview of protein metabolism?

A

Ingested proteins are broken down to amino acids, then recombined to form new proteins; e.g. muscle, red blood cells

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8
Q

What is an overview of protein assimilation?

A

Assimilation of amino acids into proteins
Excess amino acids can be used as an energy source, with nitrogen secreted in urine

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9
Q

What is an overview of Lipids- fats and oils?

A

Lipids are hydrocarbons, energy-rich compounds. Like gasoline, lipids release energy when oxidized.
Many animal-derived foods are high in fat
Oils are lipids extracted from plant seeds or fruits

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10
Q

What is an overview of Lipids- fats and oils storage?

A

Plants and animals store energy as lipids, and lipids are also normal components of every cell and the basis of the cell membranes. At room temperature, fats are solid and oils are liquid, but both are lipids

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11
Q

What is an overview of Fatty acids are saturated, monounsaturated or polyunsaturated?

A

Saturated fatty acid (SFA) – abundant in animal fats (meat and butterfat
Monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) – abundant in some oils (olive, canola)
Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) – abundant in some fish and seed oils (sunflower, soybean)

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12
Q

What is the difference between saturared and unsaturated fats?

A

Saturated all carbons are fully bonded
Unsaturated contain C=C double bond, mono means one and poly means multiple

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13
Q

What is an overview of total CO2 emiisions tons per ton of protein consumed?

A

Beef - 2400
Poultry - 300
Tubers - 100
Wheat - 80

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14
Q

What is an overview of total feshwater consumption (1,000m^3) per ton of protein consumed?

A

Beef - 110
Poultry - 30
Tubers - 25
Wheat - 18

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15
Q

What is an overview of total land use (ha) per ton of protein consumed?

A

Beef - 140
Poultry - 20
Tubers - 5
Wheat - 5

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16
Q

What fuels dietary dificineces?

A

Crop failures especially in vulnerable regions can lead to famines
War, conflict and corruption can interfere with food distribution
Poverty contributes to chronic malnutrition

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17
Q

What is an overview of children and dietary deficiencies?

A

Kwashiorkor cases found in Nigerian relief camps during the Nigerian-Biafran war.
Kwashiorkor is a disease brought on due to a severe dietary protein deficiency, and this child, whose diet fit such a deficiency profile, presented with symptoms including edema of legs and feet, light-colored, thinning hair, anemia, a pot-belly, and shiny skin

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18
Q

What is an overview of crop dependancies?

A

Many people survive on a very limited range or a single staple crop.
Nutritional enhancement in these cases is essential to provide essential vitamins and nutrients that may be low or absent in these staple foods.

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19
Q

What is an overview of vitamin A deficiency?

A

Vitamin A deficiency is a global health problem 100 million children are Vitamin A deficient primarily in Subsaharan africa and south Asia
Up to 500,000 children become blind every year and half of these die within 12 months of losing their sight
Improving dietary intake of carotenes can reduce child mortality by 25 %

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20
Q

What is the main reaction of beta-carotene?

A

Beta-carotene –> 2 x Retinal using O2 to break doube bond
Retinal is a retinoid with a efficient delivery of the most direct form of vitamin A molecules

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21
Q

What is an overview of Synthesis, storage and breakdown all affect β-carotene content?

A

To increase beta-carotene levels in plants, you need more synthesis, more storage or less catabolism
Stored in Chromoplasts – organelles that store carotenoids
Three reaction starting with geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate

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22
Q

What is an overview of Beta-carotene production?

A

Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate –> Phyoene desaturase –> zeta-carotene –> Lycopene –> Beta carotene

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23
Q

What is an overview of vitamon A supply of golden rice?

A

32 fold increase in Beta-carotene with vitamin A levels being around 2.5 times greater than daily recommened

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24
Q

What is an overview of the application of golden rice?

A

The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved Golden Rice, marking the third positive international assessment for the genetically engineered biofortified crop. Previously, Food Standards Australia, New Zealand and Health Canada gave Golden Rice the stamp of approval in February and March 2018

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25
Q

What is an overview of other golden crop?

A

Golden corn; both GM and non-GM being developed
Golden Cassava due to higher activity of Phytoene Synthase
GM: PSY in Cavendish Banana
Natural variation in PVA content in Musa spp.
MpPSY2a in Ugandan Highland Banana

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26
Q

What is an overview of toxins and consumption?

A

Some staple crops contain toxins which need to be removed prior to consumption
Examples of such diseases are Konzo and Lathyrism

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27
Q

How common is toxin plant consumption?

A

Diseases arising from poisoning from such toxins are still common in developing countries particularly under conditions of drought when the crops make more toxins and people and animals eating them are less resilient because they are under-nourished

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28
Q

What is cassava?

A

Cassava is a woody shrub that is generally found in the Caribbean and South America. When using cassava, it can either be made to be sweet or bitter.
The taste, as well as the smell, all depends on the amount of cyanogenic glucosides, which are in fact, extremely poisonous

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29
Q

What is an overview of cassava toxins?

A

Most who prepare it like it to be bitter, as it keeps away insects and even animals. If cassava is prepared incorrectly, it can be deadly.
Cassava poisoning, due to high levels of cyanide, is known as Konzo.
Cassava poisoning leads to irreversible paralysis.

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30
Q

What is the traditional way to prepare cassava?

A

Cassava roots are ground into a flour-like substance which is then used to make tapioca.
Cassava leaves contain cyanide but if pounded into a paste with flour and left in the shade for 5 hours, the cyanide is broken down

31
Q

How does cassava make cyanide?

A

Amino acid precursor –> Aldoxime –> Alpha-hydroxynitle –> Hydrogen cyanide

32
Q

Why is lotus japonicus a model organism?

A

Legume which contains several secondary metabolites of interest: cyanogenic glucosides, condensed
tanins and isoflavonoids

33
Q

What is an example of a complete cyanide knockout?

A

CG34
Tested by freezing sample the checking for absence blue stain with CG1 assay

34
Q

What is an overview of Acyanogenic mutants of sorghum now available?

A

Moniter Sorghum in the field for acyanogenic mutants
Toxic in cattle feed
Sell variety in Spain

35
Q

What is an overview of Grass pea – Lathyrus sativus for climate change resistance?

A

A field of grass pea growing in Oromia region of Ethiopia illustrating the resilience of grass pea.
The field was originally sown with chickpea, but none germinated after 3 weeks without rain.
The field was re-sown with grass pea and the image was captured after a further 7 weeks without rain. The inset shows one of very few rogue chickpea plants that eventually germinated.

36
Q

What is an overview of Grass pea – Lathyrus sativus protein level?

A

20% protein content

37
Q

Why is grass pea resilinat?

A

Grass pea has deep roots
Pea has dense surface roots

38
Q

What is a problem with grass pea?

A

Grass pea, Lathyrus sativus, is an ‘insurance crop’ as it produces reliable yields when all other crops fail. It is tolerant of drought, salt and waterlogging
But, ODAP in seeds and all aerial parts gives rise to neurolathyrism (degeneration prominant in legs)

39
Q

What was an overview of Peter Emmrich and Alemu Abate in BecA Grass Pea screening?

A

ODAP concentrations in the seeds of accessions from the Ethiopian grass pea germplasm collection
All quite high lowest was 0.3% of see weight

40
Q

What was the experiment with the Grass pea?

A

Mutagenesis of Lathyrus might provide a drought/salt tolerant legume that is a rich source of protein for SSA

41
Q

How was Grass pwa low in ODAP selected to find genes?

A

The EMS mutant population
Prepared by BenchBio
Based on a small-seeded variety
Sowed ~30,000 M2 plants

42
Q

What is an overview of Low-β-ODAP mutant screen?

A

Develop high throughput assay for the toxin, based on a photometric method that had been described before
Testing young seedlings is much easier to scale up than testing seed meal
One person can easily do 1000 samples a day
Screened about 37000 plants

43
Q

What are examples of Low-Beta-ODAP grass peas?

A

1548-3 (0.025% seed ODAP concentration)
1874-11 (0.03% seed ODAP concentration)
4884-2 (0.03% seed ODAP concentration)

44
Q

What is an overview of the agronomic performance of Low-ODAP Grass Peas?

A

Testing a panel of cultivars and low-ODAP mutants under simulated stress conditions and in the field to see how they perform and respond
Still not sure about the exact physiological function of ODAP, as it does not appear to deter insect feeding, despite being only present in the aerial parts of the plant
Testing grass pea for forage uses, by intercropping it with Brachiaria grass

45
Q

How have vitamins as a % calories from fat changed over time?

A

Vitamin C - 10,000 ya 38% to 30% in 2000
Vitamin E - 10,000 ya 21% to 15% in 2000

46
Q

How have fat as a % calories from fat changed over time?

A

Total fat - 22% to 35% in 2000
Saturated fat - 10% to 15% in 2000
Trans fats - 0% only introduced in 1900 to 10% in 2000

47
Q

What is the correlation between dairy fat calories and Congenital heart defects?

A

Positve correlation
Finland - 800 Cal to 270 CHD mortaltiy rate
Portugal - 190 Cal to 80 CHD mortality rate

48
Q

What is the french paradox?

A

Despite:
Eating 3.8x more butter
Having higher blood cholesterol
Having higher blood pressure
The French have only 30% of the heart attack rate of America

49
Q

What is an overview of UFA consumption overtime?

A

n-6PUFA - 10,000 ya 6% to 9% in 2000
n-3PUFA - 10,000 ya 4% to 2% in 2000
Both impact fat absorbtion and reduce cardiovascular disease

50
Q

Why do the french not die from heart attacks as much as they should?

A

Chuging moderate amounts wine which contains polythenols such as resveratrol, flavonal and EGCG which offers protection from cardiovascular disease
Though drinking too much increases risk of death

51
Q

What was an overview of flavanoid rich wheat on cardiovascular health?

A

Control line (r1) vs Flavo-enriched line (ACR)
Introduction of 20% of corn seeds powder in a standard pellet formula
8-week treatment (~15 mg/kg/day)

52
Q

What is an overview of Ex vivo model of myocardial infarction?

A

Knockout mice with anastetics
Remove heart Ligase blood vessel blocking off supply
THis results in a Myocardial infarction and then removed andput back in
Montier area of damage

53
Q

What was the difference between yelloe vs purple wheat in heart attack?

A

Infarced zone (dead area) much larger in control yellow wheat
Non-ischemic zone (damaged but functional) smaller in control yellow wheat
Ischemic zone (viable) smaller in control yellow wheat

54
Q

What was the conclusion for yellow wheat vs purple wheat?

A

Anthocyanins offer cardioprotection against ischaemia/reperfusion injury

55
Q

What is the difference between blood organe juice vs orange juice when fed on high fat diet?

A

Blood orange juice reduces weight gain in mice on a high fat diet
Both gain less weight than the control of water
All start around 20g
BO - 30g O - 35g W - 43g at 30 weeks

56
Q

Why do blood oranges reduce weight gain?

A

Blood orange juice reduces fat accumulation
INGUINAL FAT WEIGHT (g) - Water 0.96g, Oranges 0.84g and Blood oranges 0.22g

57
Q

What was an overview of pilot study on subjects at cardiovascular risk?

A

Humans
Average of study 138.4 mg/dL (normal average is 120 mg/dL
Fatty Meal (full english) gives Oxidative Stress and 500 mL or water, orange juice or blood orange juice

58
Q

How did the test for the efficacy of the type of oranage vs water in reducing risk?

A

Citrated whole blood was incubated with or without bacterial endotoxin (LPS) (0.1 mg/ml), at 37°C for 2 h.
At the end of the incubation, procoagulant activity was evaluated by a one-stage clotting assay.

59
Q

What were the results of the efficacy using stimulation index (%) of the type of oranage vs water in reducing risk?

A

H2O - 15% without to 18% with
Oranges - 20% without to 23% with
Blood oranges - 16% without to 6% with

60
Q

How does blood oranges protect against strokes and heart attacks?

A

Blood orange juice had a specific protecting effect on the well-known increase in triglyceride levels associated with the fatty meal, on arterial stiffness and on the inflammatory response

61
Q

What is an overview of the important gene for blood oranges?

A

A gene which makes a transcription factor that controls the transcription of anthocyanins present in plants
Over expressed in tabacco to create red leaves
The genes are the same in both normal and blood oranges differ in the expression of the retero region in the promtoer region, silent in normal.

62
Q

What is the problem with blood oranges?

A

Limited to a certain region
Retero region is responsive to cold
There is a problem with the supply of blood orange as the conditions needs to be cold enough so limited mafia controled region due to cooler but not frozen night due to Mt Etna

63
Q

What is an overview of GM blood orange?

A

Fruit-specific, cold-insensitive promoter
Full colour stage - 1690 and 12-23 not fully red but partial increase
Picked up by spanish company

64
Q

What are the main two transcription factors that need to be upregulated for anthocyanin oranges?

A

MYB and bHLH

65
Q

What happens with MYB and bHLH upregulated tabacco?

A

MYB and bHLH 35s promoter in tobacco makes whole plant produce anthocyanins seen with red plant

66
Q

What is an overview of anthocyanin tomatos?

A

Using plant specific E8pro to add Rosea 1 and Delila
Making deep purple tomatoes
Doesnt inhibit yield

67
Q

What is an overview of p53 mice?

A

Cancer prone
Develop soft tissue carcenoma
Double mutant all dead in 250 days
Double positve all alive by 500 days
Applicable to human as p53 cancer 50%

68
Q

What is p53 knockout mice with red vs purple tomato?

A

Fed either red or purple tomato measure lifespan

69
Q

What was the average lifespan of p53 knockout mice with red vs purple tomato?

A

Control - 142 days
10% red tomatoes - 145.9 days
105 purple tomatoes - 182.2 days

70
Q

What was the maximum lifespan of p53 knockout mice with red vs purple tomato?

A

Control - 211 days
10% red tomatoes - 213 days
105 purple tomatoes - 260 days

71
Q

How can the purple tomatoes be translated to human diet?

A

10% purple tomatoes = 0.6 mg/day in mouse : 125 mg/day in humans equivalent to 70g of blackberries or two purple tomatoes

72
Q

What is an overview of purple tomato regulation?

A

After 15 years in 2022
NPS recived APHIs approval that the purple tomator could be degregulated as presenting no threat to envrionment

73
Q

What are the main non health draw of purple tomato?

A

2x longer shelf life and mold resistance

3s2: Plant biotechnology (9 decks)

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