Week 9 Flashcards

Question

Stereotypes vs generalisation

Answer 1

Difference lies not in the content But in the usage of the information Stereotype is an ending point A generalisation is an beginning point.

Answer 2

Values are things we hold important. Values exist at the individual and cultural level Understanding values is the key to understanding Behaviour Some examples of different values system: -independence and autonomy -privacy -health and fitness, what is considered healthy -physical appearance

Answer 3

Conflicts and misunderstandings can occur in health care between the values of the health care culture and that of the patient population Autonomy and independence Efficiency Self control

Answer 4

Second most important concept in understanding people’s behaviour is understating their world view World views consists of peoples assumptions about the nature of reality People often interpret events in a manner that is consistent with their beliefs

Answer 5

Emic account comes from within the culture Etic account comes from the observer and tries to be culturally neutral

Answer 6

Evidence from studies that those individuals and communities that have had experience of institutional discrimination and racism may distrust the health care system

Answer 7

Language issues: -idioms -differences in language terms even in English speaking countries -for example the use of the terms negative and positive as applied to tests can be confusing Names: -when someone else answers for the patient Interpreters: Non verbal communication

Answer 8

Refers to attitudes Ethnocentrism Cultural relativism Most humans are ethnocentric Western health care systems tend to be ethnocentric

Answer 9

A person focus regarding time varies in different cultures Focus on past, present and future Past time orientation Present time orientation Future time orientation

Answer 10

Hierarchical versus egalitarian cultures Family of orientation versus family of procreation Models of disease: -biomedical model -magico-religious model -holistic model Disease etiology

Answer 11

Expression of pain Pain medication

Answer 12

Religious practices Sacred symbols Spiritual beliefs and practices

Answer 13

Decision making The role of the family

Answer 14

Sex roles Gender preferences Female purity

Answer 15

Ante partum Labour and delivery Postpartum

Answer 16

Dying Death

Answer 17

Race is seen to be characterised by physical appearance and is determined by genetic ancestry and is usually permanent Culture is a set of behaviours and attitudes of a group and is often determined by your upbringing and choice and is changeable Ethnicity is defined as sense of belonging and is a group identity determined by social pressures, psychological need and is partially changeable

Answer 18

When a person arrives to a new country they will begin a process of acculturation they may have already started this process before they’ve even arrived Acculturation refers to the process of taking on the cultures of the host country in which you arrive

Answer 19

It’s a process where a person becomes fully integrated into a new country where their language and culture resemble that of host community

Answer 20

It’s a process where a person takes on the cultural norms of the new country but also maintain their original culture or that of their parents

Answer 21

It’s where a person maintains their original culture and rejects that of the country to which they have migrated

Answer 22

It’s when a person rejects their original culture and the new culture

Answer 23

Genetic factors Social factors Environmental factors Human discovery factors

Answer 24

Stipulates that poorer people are more vulnerable to adversity and stress and this in turn makes them more vulnerable to developing a psychiatric illness

Answer 25

Postulates that those who are mentally ill have impaired upward social mobility and therefore they drift into a lower socioeconomic status and neighbourhood

Answer 26

This approach takes the view that reality of society is socially created and so are the labels that we assign people and the definitions that we create for behaviours that do not fit into what society defines as acceptable behaviour Unacceptable deviants (termed as deviants) become noticed and pathologised and given labels which creates stigma for individuals Under a label, will be set of stereotypical behaviours typical of a person with this label, the person who is labelled begins to internalise these expected behaviours and behaves in the expected way. These labelled deviants are rewarded by society for playing the stereotyped deviant role. Under this theoretical framework the concept of “lay appraisal” has emerged, this is the term given to the general population’s understandings about mental illness. A person who might display certain behaviours that are not deemed as “normal” will come to the attention of their family and friends who will appraise these signs and make decisions about symptoms and treatment even before the person has come to the attention of the clinician. It is argued that societies hostility towards the mentally ill by seeing them as “other” leads to stigma and prejudices and leads the person to take on the “sick” role to cope with such a hostile environment.

Answer 27

Thomas Szasz is one of the main contributors to critical theory also sometime called anti- psychiatry. Szasz believed that the term “mental illness” was socially created in the same way as social constructivism states above. He argued it is a metaphor that describes a behaviour or action that other don’t like and come to describe it as an illness and go on to give it a label such as schizophrenia. He saw labels given as “fake” diseases. He proposed that these labels were given to support the use of power by psychiatric authorities to detain and treat people sometimes against their will. He also argued that drug addiction was not a disease but a social habit. Critical theory highlights the problem of coercion in psychiatry and how in other fields of medicine, coercion is rare and in psychiatry it is used on a daily basis. It also highlights the lack of control the patient has and the paternalistic role the doctor takes as having the right to treat the patient. These debates are still currently alive and well in mental health services and similar discussions are held in local mental health user groups who aim to improve mental health services and their own experiences.