Week 9-12

Question 1

55. What is the story of John Snow and the Broad Street Pump?

Answer 1

John Snow found that an outbreak of illness in London, 1894, was traceable to one source of drinking water: the Broad Street pump. Other drinking water pumps were not causing illness, so John decided to simply remove the handle from the Broad Street pump to prevent anyone else from getting sick.
Thus, this story highlights that successful prevention is possible without knowledge of the main causes.

Question 2

56. Theoretically, there is a theoretical difference between stress and stressors. Using refugee advocacy as an example, explain this difference.

Answer 2

Stressors are external demands, whereas stress is an internal state. Regarding refugee advocates, for example, the stressor is the government’s hardline on and treatment of asylum seekers, and the stress is the anxiety and concern refugee advocates feel due to their empathy for refugees.

Question 3

57. In the study by Surawski et al.(2008), describe the most used coping strategy(ies) and the most effective coping strategy(ies). Why the difference between ‘used’ and ‘effective’?

Answer 3

The most used coping strategy by refugee advocates was the emotional strategy, which involves talking things out.
The most effective strategies, however, was the aforementioned emotional strategy and the instrumental strategy that involves asking for advice from other refugee advocates.
The difference between ‘used’ and ‘effective’ is due to the fact that the most used strategies are not necessarily the most effective strategies.

Question 4

58. Surawski et al. (2008) found that refugee advocacy was more stressful than advocacy for AIDS carers or physicians. Why might that be the case?

Answer 4

This might be the case due to the significant lack of governmental and financial support that refugee advocates receive in their stream of advocacy. Additionally, refugee advocates often have an ongoing involvement in advocacy, rather than involvement in just one single event.

Question 5

59. What is the difference between distributive justice and procedural justice as described by Jason et al. (2015)?

Answer 5

Distributive justice is fair access to material and tangible goods, such as housing and education, whereas…
Procedural justice is the fairness involved in power and decision-making processes that determine who benefits from distributive justice resources.

Question 6

60. Describe Kinsey’s continuum as discussed in the lecture of Baden Offord.

Answer 6

All human beings belong on a continuum where homosexuality and heterosexuality are at opposing ends.
Through research into this continuum, Kinsey found that most people operate in the middle of the continuum, rather than at the ends.

Question 7

61. As pointed out by Jason et al. (2015), once a problem has been identified, and the supporting assessment has taken place, executive skills come to the forefront. Give three examples of these executive skills.

Answer 7

1. Problem solving
2. Organisation
3. Management
   → POM (Point of Management)

Question 8

62. Baden Offord asked Desmond Tutu what were the two biggest world issues in his view. What were they?

Answer 8

1. Poverty
2. Apartheid of Sexuality
   → PAS (Pies Are Sweet)

Question 9

63. Does Hollinsworth (2006) argue that we should compare our racism levels to other countries? If so, why? If not, why not?

Answer 9

No, because doing so is “notoriously misleading”.
Even if Australia does have lower or higher racism levels compared to other countries, it would not diminish Australia’s responsibility to uphold high standards of social justice and lawful treatment towards others.

Question 10

64. According to Irene Moss, are Australians racist?

Answer 10

Not necessarily.
Some Australians are racist, yet others are not.
Just as Moss asked, “How many racists does it take to condemn a society as racist?”

Question 11

65. How do the views of Geoffrey Blainey and John Howard differ on the subject of the “black armband view of Australian history”?

Answer 11

Blainey viewed Australian history as “a disgraceful story of imperialism, exploitation, sexism, and other forms of discrimination”, whereas…
Howard viewed it as a history of “heroic achievement” that we can be “proud” of, rather than “ashamed” of.

Question 12

66. As outlined in the Liyarn Ngarn DVD, what happened to Louis Johnson and what was the reason behind it?

Answer 12

Louis Johnson was murdered on his 19th birthday when walking home from a party by newly immigrated Europeans, the reason being simply “because he was black”.

Question 13

67. What made Ngareta Rossell swallow hard when she first went into detention? The guards, the wire, the intrusive PA system or something else?

Answer 13

A boy who looked like an “emancipated bundle of bones” that was “limp but alive” made Ngareta Rossell swallow hard.

Question 14

68. Pedersen Fozdar and Kenny (2012) outlined research by Stilwell (2003) regarding Afghan TPV holders. What did Stilwell find?

Answer 14

Stilwell found that Afghan Temporary Protection Visa Holders living in the NSW town of Young had a positive effect on the regional NWS economy due to their work in “undesirable industries” boosting the economy.

Question 15

69. Does Pedersen, Fozdar and Kenny (2012) argue that the treatment of asylum seekers is a form of what Christie terms ‘structural violence’? Explain your answer.

Answer 15

Yes, they argue that the treatment of asylum seekers is a form of ‘structural violence’, which occurs when people do not have adequate material resources or access to having a political voice or representation.
Thus, asylum seekers are oppressed by the Australian government due to their lack of power and access to resources that will provide them with a political voice.

Question 16

70. Pedersen Fozdar and Kenny (2012) give four examples of false beliefs about asylum seekers. Do they argue that these are individual or social? Give one example.

Answer 16

They argue that false beliefs are both individual and social.
For example, as Australia’s economic prosperity has not been evenly distributed in the last decade, people have come to blame asylum seekers for swamping Australia and “stealing Australian’s jobs”, which has been further perpetuated by the Australian media and political leaders.

Question 17

71. What are two ways suggested by Alex Main where Psychology is failing to meet its potential to help address social problems in world communities? Give one example to illustrate your answer.

Answer 17

1. Through the neglect of discovering the effect that prejudice has on mental health, and
2. Due to psychology ignoring the fact that a large amount of depression and anxiety is linked to poverty, discrimination, and “bad behaviour” on the part of governments, employers and other interest groups.
   For example, refugees are often dealt with by being heavily medicated by GPs or psychiatrists.

Question 18

72. What does Alex Main suggest is the main reason for involving multi-disciplinary teams in assisting traumatised refugees?

Answer 18

Since all disciplines are limited to a degree, different approaches can complement one another. Additionally, these approaches are often client-centred, rather than profession-centered.

Question 19

73. What are the values that Alex Main believes should permeate the delivery of all psychological services?
    ((Intensely Purring Cats Governed Clever Chickens))

Answer 19

1. Inclusivity: availability to all.
2. Participation: working with people.
3. Cultural-Sensitivity: recognizing people as who they define themselves to be, rather than stereotypes.
4. Gender-Sensitivity: rejecting artificial differences in needs or abilities.
   5.Community-Based: not based solely on laboratory experiments and “objective” research.
5. Capacity-Building: establishing networks, creating “social capital”.
   → IPCGCC (Inclusivity, Participation, Cultural-sensitivity, Gender-sensitivity, Community-based, Capacity-building)

Question 20

74. What were the most significant predictors of action found by Stewart et al. (2014) in the high risk scenario?

Answer 20

1. Interpersonal relationships
2. Risk
3. Fear

Question 21

75. What were the three main findings of Czopp (2006)?

Answer 21

1. Confronted participants reported negative affect (eg. feelings of guilt).
2. Hostile and accusatory confrontations resulted in stronger feelings of anger than calm appeals for fairness and equality.
3. Confrontations of racial bias reduced the likelihood of prejudiced and stereotyped responses later.

Question 22

76. Did Forrest and Dunn (2008) find a mis-match in figures when comparing the amount of people who reported themselves as being racist and those who acknowledged the presence of racism?

Answer 22

Yes, they did. They found that while people acknowledge the presence of racism, people often don’t see themselves as racist.

Question 23

77. Explain what happened with the “Come Ride With Me” movement?

Answer 23

After the hostage situation in Sydney in December 2014, Muslim Australians called Australian radio stations to say that they were too afraid to travel on public transport. This triggered a response from the Australian public through social media where non-Muslim people offered to travel with fearful Muslims or anyone feeling intimidated.

Question 24

78. Nelson et al. (2011) cites the work of Banyard (2008) who examined bystander action and

Answer 24

Only 47% of participants indicated that they had spoken up against racist jokes.

Question 25

79. Participants in the Paradies et al (under review) reported four primary ways that a bystander can contest prejudice and racism. What were these four actions?

Answer 25

1. Make a comment to others present at the incident
2. Challenge the perpetrator
3. Assist or support the targeted person
4. Report it to someone in authority (by recording it on a phone)
   → CCAR (Comment, Challenge, Assist, Report)

Question 26

80. What did Saucier et al. (2005, cited in Nelson et al., 2011) find when examining helping behaviour to Black Americans by White Americans?

Answer 26

White American participants offered less help to Black Americans than they would to White Americans, particularly when helping would be more difficult, take longer, and involve more risk.

Question 27

81. According to Nelson et al (2011), what is the most effective bystander action?

Answer 27

One that communicates a message of disapproval or discomfort without damaging interpersonal relations.