Week 4-8

Question 1

22. What is the difference between homophobia and heterosexism as outlined by Harper (2005)?

Answer 1

‘Homophobia’ describes heterosexual people’s fear, contempt and hatred of LGBT people, whereas…
‘Heterosexism’ focuses more on the multiple levels of prejudice and oppression experienced by the LGBT community.

Question 2

23. Herek and Hunter argue that heterosexism is manifested in two primary ways. Please describe them and give one example of each.

Answer 2

1. Cultural (or institutionalized) heterosexism is manifested through societal customs and institutions (eg. government and religion) reinforcing heterosexist beliefs, which is….
   → Experienced as invisibility/discrimination by LGB people.
2. Psychological (or internalized) heterosexism is manifested through individual attributions and behaviours.
   → Experienced in three levels: Prejudice & Stereotypes, Harassment, and Violence.

Question 3

24. Kellogg produced a lengthy list of signs that a person was engaging in masturbation. Give two examples.

Answer 3

1. Fingernail biting

2. Paleness

Question 4

25. What is ‘bundling’?

Answer 4

Bundling is a sexual behaviour from 16th century Europe that provided young working class couples the opportunity to ‘try out’ potential marriage partners and indulge in sexual experimentation without violating social norms.
It involved couples spending the night together in bed, half-naked, where only talking and petting was appropriate.
This provided couples the opportunity to get to know each other and obtain some sexual satisfaction without pregnancy.

Question 5

26. How is economics relevant to the Berdache?

Answer 5

Berdaches were particularly common in societies where men and women provided different - but equally important - incomes to their families. A child’s interest or aptitude for certain tasks led them into the life of a berdache, which helped the economy.

Question 6

27. Some studies cited in the APS review found no difference in comparisons of victimisation of kids in straight vs gay/lesbian families. Given that the kids from these families do face prejudice and discrimination, why might this be?

Answer 6

This is due to kids from same-sex families using a range of strategies to lessen the likelihood that they’ll be treated in discriminatory or prejudiced ways.
For example, being selective in who they allow to know and seeking out others who also have same-sex parents.

Question 7

28. David Marr talks of sexual refugees. What does he mean?

Answer 7

Men living in Australia who were suspected of being gay fled to other countries, becoming sexual refugees, in order to be able to engage in homosexual relations.

Question 8

29. Did Fozdar et al. (2014) find that people who flew flags on their cars were racist against Indigenous Australians, Muslim Australians and asylum seekers?

Answer 8

No, she did not.
However, she did find that people who flew flags were significantly more likely to be negative about asylum seekers and positive about White Australia Policy.

Question 9

30. Who did Hartley and Fleay (2014) interview and what were four concerns of the participants?

Answer 9

Asylum seekers on bridging visas E.

1. Fear and uncertainty surrounding in the refugee claim processing delays.
2. Fear they may be forced to return to their home country.
3. Fear for the safety of their families.
4. Feeling dehumanized due to the denial of the ability to work.

Question 10

31. Main describes the research of Shakibaee who talks about “hyphen identity”. What is this?

Answer 10

Someone having a mixed origin or identity.

For example, African-American or Italian-Australian.

Question 11

32. McAdam (2013) suggests that our refugee quota system is like a hospital triage system. What example did she use to illustrate this?

Answer 11

If you’re sitting in a hospital with a broken arm and someone with respiratory failure comes in, the doctors are going to attend to the other person before they attend to you, even though you were there first, because the other person’s circumstances are more urgent and important than your own.
The refugee quota system is similar to this. Thus, there is no “jumping the queue” as it is sorted through circumstance.

Question 12

33. What is equal opportunity bigotry and does the evidence suggest that it exists in Australia?

Answer 12

Equal opportunity bigotry is when people who are prejudiced towards one group are also prejudiced towards other groups, essentially just hating everybody.
This does exist in Australia, as…
people who are prejudiced towards asylum seekers are often also prejudiced towards Indigenous people, Muslims, and homosexuals.

Question 13

34. Main (2012) talks about the difference between integration and assimilation. What is the difference between the two?

Answer 13

Integration is when individuals maintain their cultural identity and also accept the new cultural identity, whereas…
Assimilation is the rejection of one’s own cultural identity in favor of the new cultural identity.

Question 14

35. What are the four phases of cultural shock according to Main (2012)?

Answer 14

1. The Honeymoon:
   → euphoria, enchantment, fascination and enthusiasm.
2. The Crisis:
   → inadequacy, frustration, anxiety and anger.
3. The Recovery:
   → crisis resolution and cultural learning.
4. The Adjustment:
   → reflective enjoyment and functional competence.
   ∞ HCRA (Homosexual Cowboys Ride Animals)

Question 15

36. Pedersen and Hartley (2012) found that people who were high in prejudice were also high in consensus. Following on from this, why did they argue that non-prejudiced people should speak out when faced with prejudice?

Answer 15

Because raising awareness decreases negativity towards Australian outgroups, such as Muslims, and causes a decrease in the view that these people are a threat to Australian security.

Question 16

37. With respect to prejudice against Muslim Australians, explain the three sub-themes found qualitatively by Pedersen and Hartley (2011) under the UNIVERSALISM value priority.

Answer 16

1. Broadmindedness:
   → Open-mindedly listening to both sides of a story with tolerance and trying not to judge.
2. Gender equality:
   → The equal treatment of both men and women, “which to [a participant’s] knowledge, doesn’t happen with Muslims”.
3. Equality in general:
   → “Belief in the inherent equality, and peoples and cultures and religions.”
   ∞ BGEE (Bacon Gets Everyone Excited)

Question 17

38. Give three examples of extreme racism associated with the Christian faith as outlined by Green and Aly (2011).

Answer 17

1. Atrocities of Apartheid, the…
2. Lynching of African-Americans during the 1960s, and the…
3. Burning crosses of the Ku Klux Klan.
   → ALB (A Lamb Barbeque)

Question 18

39. Did Modood, together with many other Australian Muslims as outlined in Green and Aly (2011), argue that Islam should be privileged over other religions?

Answer 18

No.
Both Modood and Green & Aly argued that Islam should not be more privileged, but rather equally accepted as any other religion would be.

Question 19

40. Green and Aly (2011) reviewed previous research exploring the fears of non-Muslim Australians about Muslim Australians. What four factors were found to be most relevant?

Answer 19

1. Fear of religious conviction
2. Fear of extremism
3. Fear of powerlessness, and…
4. Fear of political action overseas having political effects at home.

Question 20

41. Why did Pedersen, Dudgeon, Griffiths & Watt (2006) change their label from “false beliefs” to “special treatment”?

Answer 20

Because they found that there was a higher perception and running theme of “special treatment” rather than ‘false beliefs’ among non-Indigenous Australians from Perth, Kalgoorlie and Albany, and that findings were not so clear cut.

Question 21

42. Describe the three main themes within the category of “Housing System” regarding the perception of Indigenous “special treatment”.

Answer 21

Non-Indigenous people often believe that Aboriginals…

1. Don’t pay rent, when they do pay rent and have to meet eligibility criteria for Homes West housing.
2. Trash their houses, when the worst houses are given to them.
3. Those who purchase houses have subsidies, when they are less likely to own their own homes.

Question 22

43. How did Chris Sarra “transform the Cherbourg State School?

Answer 22

Through use of:
→ Mottos (eg. “Strong and smart”, “Young and black and deadly”)
→ Employing Aboriginal teachers
→ Encouraging students to be well-informed about their cultural and historical heritage, and by…
→ Minimizing the potential for student bullying by making the school solely for Aboriginal students.
∞ MATHS (Mottos, Aboriginal Teachers, Heritage (cultural & historical), Segregation)

Question 23

44. Give two examples of how the background of both Indigenous and non-Indigenous offenders is taken into account in the legal system.

Answer 23

1. One’s mental state, for example, whether the crime was intentional and mediated or merely recklessness, is taken into account for offenders being processed by the legal system, as well as if they have a…
2. History of sexual abuse.
   However, despite this, people with an Indigenous background are given more leniency in the legal system.

Question 24

45. Describe the relationship between prejudice and the perception of “special treatment”.

Answer 24

The perception of “special treatment” causes non-Indigenous people to become more prejudiced.
For example, residents in Kalgoorlie were found to be more prejudiced towards Aboriginals due to the belief that Aboriginals had so many benefits given to them and that they get “money for nothing”.

Question 25

46. What is the ABC study as outlined in the Priest et al. (2011) article?

Answer 25

The Aboriginal Birth Cohort (ABC) study is a longitudinal study that recruited newborn infants in the Northern Territory between 1987 to 1990 to explore the associations between self-reported racism and health and wellbeing outcomes for young Aboriginal Australian people.

Question 26

47. What is the difference between first order change and second order change?

Answer 26

First order change alters individuals members of a group, resolving only some aspects of a problem in the short-term that rearise in the long-term, whereas…
Second order change changes the relationships, roles, goals and power dynamics between individuals, rather than changing the individual themselves.

Question 27

48. Give four reasons why values are important to community psychologists.

Answer 27

1. It clarifies choices for research and action.
2. It helps to identify when actions and values don’t match.
3. Different cultures have distinctive values to understand.
4. Community psychology has a distinctive spirit.

Question 28

49. Explain how individual and social-systems work with regard to homelessness as argued by Dalton et al.

Answer 28

Social factors, such as the amount of available and affordable housing, work in tandem with…
individual influences, such as income; coping skills; and friends or family to provide temporary shelter, in determining who ends up homeless and who doesn’t.

Question 29

50. In what way does Dalton et al. see Community Psychology as a possible oxymoron.

Answer 29

The term ‘community’ implies people coming together in geographic proximity or a shared endeavor, whereas…
The term ‘psychology’ usually concerns people as individuals.
Thus, the two terms contradict one another, with one meaning community and the other meaning individual, causing a possible oxymoron to arise as suggested by Dalton et al.

Question 30

51. Does Dalton et al. argue that a ‘sense of community’ is always positive? How so?

Answer 30

No, a ‘sense of community’ is not always positive.
Dalton et al. argues that a ‘sense of community’ can involve distancing “insiders” from “outsiders” in a us vs. them way, create injustice and conformity, and support the ignoring and attacking of diversity within a community.

Question 31

52. Does the fact that community psychologists believe that no research is value free mean that rigorous research is out of the question according to Dalton et al. (2007)?

Answer 31

No.
It just means that the values and community issues that affect research should be openly discussed in order to promote a better understanding of what is found.

Question 32

53. Dawn Darlaston-Jones talks of community psychology having an emphasis on reflexivity. What does she mean by this?

Answer 32

Reflexivity is deeper than simply reflecting, and is akin to metacognition. It is thinking more deeply about why you do and think certain things.
Community psychology used this to get to the roots of why people think and do certain things. It is a form of psychological literacy that allows you to use your psychological knowledge to benefit your personal everyday life.

Question 33

54. Give one major difference between Cultural Psychology and Community Psychology.

Answer 33

Cultural psychology is more descriptive and examines selective perceptions based on cultural factors, whereas…
Community psychology is more about social action and community change in an attempt to make people’s lives better.

Question 34

Describe 5 changes introduced by Islam as outlined by Novakovich.

Answer 34

1. Women having equal footing with men.
2. Women being allowed to seek divorce.
3. Men not being allowed to marry women and keep them as property.
4. Education for all, regardless of gender.
5. Punishment for those who falsely slander against women.

Question 35

Describe 5 stereotypes as outlined by Novakovich.

Answer 35

1. The Hijab as a sign of oppression.
2. Female genital mutilation.
3. Support of honour killings.
4. Muslim men being allowed to beat their wives.
5. Muslim women suffering around the world.