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Assessment of Individual Differences > Week 9 > Flashcards

Week 9 Flashcards

1
Q

… is “any distinguishable, relatively enduring way in which one individual varies from another”

  • trait
  • state
  • personality type
A

Trait is any distinguishable, relatively enduring way in which one individual varies from another”
- A characteristic of a person

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2
Q

… is a constellation of traits that is similar in pattern to one identified category of personality within a taxonomy of personalities.

  • trait
  • state
  • personality type
A

Personality type: a constellation of traits that is similar in pattern to one identified category of personality within a taxonomy of personalities.
- A description of someone

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3
Q

…. is the transitory experience of some personality trait; a relatively temporary predisposition.
An anxious state is more temporary then having an anxious disposition

  • trait
  • state
  • personality type
A

• State: the transitory experience of some personality trait; a relatively temporary predisposition.
An anxious state is more temporary then having an anxious disposition

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4
Q

True or false

Personality traits are often not consistent cross-situationally

A

true
Personality traits are often not consistent cross-situationally

E.g. acts aggressively in rugby game is different to being aggressive on the street

they are context specific

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5
Q

According to Allport (1937), what is a cardinal trait?

  • characteristics that are found in every person; honesty or friendliness
  • only seen in certain circumstances; likes and dislikes that a close friend would know
  • dominant, and shape a persons behaviour; passion or an obsession
A

Cardinal Traits - dominant, and shape a persons behaviour; passion or an obsession

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6
Q

According to Allport (1937), what is a central trait?

  • characteristics that are found in every person; honesty or friendliness
  • only seen in certain circumstances; likes and dislikes that a close friend would know
  • dominant, and shape a persons behaviour; passion or an obsession
A

Central Traits - central traits are characteristics that are found in every person; honesty or friendliness

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7
Q

According to Allport (1937), what is a Secondary traits?

  • characteristics that are found in every person; honesty or friendliness
  • only seen in certain circumstances; likes and dislikes that a close friend would know
  • dominant, and shape a persons behaviour; passion or an obsession
A

Secondary traits - only seen in certain circumstances; likes and dislikes that a close friend would know

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8
Q

• Jung (1923) typology:
focuses on how people …. (thinking and feeling) and ….(sensation and intuition)

Judge
Perceive

A

• Jung (1923) typology:

focuses on how people judge (thinking and feeling) and perceive (sensation and intuition)

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9
Q

Friedman and Rosenman (1974) developed a two-category personality typology:

…. is a personality type that is characterised as being mellow or laid back.
- Doesn’t need to show achievement and dominance

… is a personality type characterised by competitiveness, haste, restlessness, impatience, feelings of being time-pressured, and strong needs for achievement and dominance

Type A personality
Type B personality

A

• Type A personality: a personality type characterised by competitiveness, haste, restlessness, impatience, feelings of being time-pressured, and strong needs for achievement and dominance

• Type B personality: a personality type that is completely opposite of type A personality, characterised as being mellow or laid back. Doesn't need to show achievement and dominance
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10
Q

What is “The short term, situations dependent characteristic of people”

  • Personality traits
  • States
  • Traits
  • Personality Profile
A

States

The short term, situations dependent characteristic of people

  • E.g. test anxiety doesn’t mean you have clinical anxiety
  • Relatively short term/situation dependent.

Measuring states amounts to a search for, and an assessment of, the strength of traits that are relatively transitory or situation-specific.

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11
Q

….: access the person we are interested in
Can be based test-takers own self report, or as a response to interview questions

….: ask someone else to provide data on this person
Based on information given from parents, teachers, peers

  • Self-report (S) data
  • Informant (I) data
A

Self-report (S) data - access the person we are interested in
- Can be based test-takers own self report, or as a response to interview questions

Informant (I) data - ask someone else to provide data on this person
- Based on information given from parents, teachers, peers

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12
Q

Self-report methods (S-data) explore

… one’s attitudes, beliefs, opinions, and related thoughts about oneself
- Based on the notion that states and traits are context dependent

… the degree to which a person has different self-concepts in different roles

A. Self-concept
B. Self-concept differentiation

A

Self-concept: one’s attitudes, beliefs, opinions, and related thoughts about oneself
○ Based on the notion that states and traits are context dependent

Self-concept differentiation: the degree to which a person has different self-concepts in different roles

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13
Q

Biases possible in informant data (I-data)

… thinking some is amazing, clouds your judgment of the person

… all observations of a person are more average, they aren’t as accurate as just talking to the individual

…. where a persons belief of what the client is influences their report

A. Leniency/generosity error
B. error of central tendency
C. halo effect

A

halo effect - thinking some is amazing, clouds your judgment of the person

error of central tendency - all observations of a person are more average, they aren’t as accurate as just talking to the individual

Leniency/generosity error - where a persons belief of what the client is influences their report

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14
Q

Personality assessment measures…

A. Particular traits
B. States
C. Personality profiles
D. All of the above

A

• What is assessed when a personality assessment is conducted?

particular traits (e.g., reward sensitivity), states (e.g., test anxiety), or personality profiles (e.g., ENFJ);

OR

descriptions of behaviour, usually in particular contexts

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15
Q

What is B-data

A. access the person we are interested in
Can be based test-takers own self report, or as a response to interview questions

B. ask someone else to provide data on this person
Based on information given from parents, teachers, peers

C. not controlled settings (natural environment) and accessing someone’s behaviour in relation to that environment

A

Personality assessors can also be found observing behaviour and making assessments in natural settings (B-data).
- B-data - not controlled settings (natural environment) and accessing someone’s behaviour in relation to that environment

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16
Q

… focuses on exploration, in a specific time frame (past, present or future) or other contextual issues (people, places or events)
“How many times in the past week did you feel…”

A. Structured
B. Unstructured
C. Frame of reference
D. Q-sort technique

A

Frame of reference - focuses on exploration, in a specific time frame (past, present or future) or other contextual issues (people, places or events)

e.g.
“How many times in the past week did you feel…”
“How would your peers rate…”

17
Q

An assessment technique in which the task is to sort a group of statements, they are in a perceived rank order ranging from the most and the least descriptive
Use this to identify the discrepancy between the perceived actual self and the ideal self

A. Structured
B. Unstructured
C. Frame of reference
D. Q-sort technique

A

Q-sort technique

18
Q

face to face interviews is an example of

A. Structured
B. Unstructured
C. Frame of reference
D. Q-sort technique

A

A. Structured

19
Q

Behavioural observation study (B-Data) is an example of

A. Structured
B. Unstructured
C. Frame of reference
D. Q-sort technique

A

B. Unstructured

20
Q

According to the Four Approaches of Personality Assessment what is - “How a limited number of personality traits can be applied to all people”

A. Normative approach
B. Ipsative approach
C. Nomothetic approach
D. Idiographic approach

A

Nomothetic approach

- (intrapersonal)

21
Q

According to the Four Approaches of Personality Assessment what is - “Looking at responses in the strength of a measure trait, which are interpreted relative to the strength of measure traits for that same individual”

A. Normative approach
B. Ipsative approach
C. Nomothetic approach
D. Idiographic approach

A

Ipsative approach

  • How am I scoring relative to myself
  • (interpersonal)
22
Q

According to the Four Approaches of Personality Assessment what is - “Interpret the strength of a measure trait in an individual relative to the strength of the trait in a sample of a larger population”

A. Normative approach
B. Ipsative approach
C. Nomothetic approach
D. Idiographic approach

A

A. Normative approach

- How am I scoring relative to others”

23
Q

According to the Four Approaches of Personality Assessment what is - “Learning about each individuals unique constellation of personality traits can help us”

A

D. Idiographic approach

- uniqueness

24
Q

a standard on which a judgement or decision can be made.

A. Criterion
B. Empirical criterion keying
C. Criterion group

A

• Criterion
a standard on which a judgement or decision can be made.

When do we know someone has a certain trait, what makes that trait

25
Q

a reference group of test-takers who share specific characteristics and whose responses to tests serve as a standard according to which items will be included or discarded from the final version of the scale.

A. Criterion
B. Empirical criterion keying
C. Criterion group

A

• Criterion group
a reference group of test-takers who share specific characteristics and whose responses to tests serve as a standard according to which items will be included or discarded from the final version of the scale.

Used to test your items before reducing items to a final scale

26
Q

the process of using criterion groups to develop test items. The shared characteristic of the criterion group to research will vary as a function of the nature and scope of the test.

A. Criterion
B. Empirical criterion keying
C. Criterion group

A

• Empirical criterion keying
the process of using criterion groups to develop test items. The shared characteristic of the criterion group to research will vary as a function of the nature and scope of the test.
a diagnostic test, a skills test or ability test - they have different criterions and criterion groups

27
Q

a narrative description of the extent to which a person demonstrates certain personality traits, states, or types.

A. Personality profile
B. Personality Trait
C. Criterion group
D. Empirical criterion keying

A
  • Personality profile:

* a narrative description of the extent to which a person demonstrates certain personality traits, states, or types.

28
Q

Limitation of the MMPI

A. Lacked face validity
B. could not be scored into neat diagnostic categories
C. Did not use criterion groups
D. no limitations

A

• The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
is frequently discussed in terms of the patterns of scores that emerge, referred to as a profile.

Limitation
- could not be scored into neat diagnostic categories

29
Q

The MMPI has scales built-in to combat the problems inherent to Self-Report methods: What scale calls into question the examinee’s honesty.

A. L scale
B. F scale
C. K score
D. (?) Cannot say

A

Lie scale

30
Q

The MMPI has scales built-in to combat the problems inherent to Self-Report methods: What scale contains items that are infrequently endorsed by non-psychiatric populations and do not fall into any known pattern of deviance, which can help determine how serious an examinee takes the test, as well as identify malingering.

A. L scale
B. F scale
C. K score
D. (?) Cannot say

A

Frequency scale

31
Q

The MMPI has scales built-in to combat the problems inherent to Self-Report methods: What scale is associated with defensiveness and social desirability.

A. L scale
B. F scale
C. K score
D. (?) Cannot say

A

correction scale

32
Q

The MMPI has scales built-in to combat the problems inherent to Self-Report methods: What scale functions as a frequency count of the number of items to which the examinee responded cannot say or failed to mark any response

A. L scale
B. F scale
C. K score
D. (?) Cannot say

A

Cannot Say scale (denoted with ?)

33
Q

In the MMPI, the Harris-Lingoes subscales measures

internal consistency
internal reliability
face validity
content validity

A

internal consistency

34
Q

is the ongoing process by which an individual’s thoughts, behaviours, values, worldview, and identity develop in relation to the thinking, behaviour, customs, and values of a particular cultural group

Norms
Personality identity
Acculturation
Inculturation

A

• Acculturation is the ongoing process by which an individual’s thoughts, behaviours, values, worldview, and identity develop in relation to the thinking, behaviour, customs, and values of a particular cultural group.

begins at birth, and proceeds throughout development.

35
Q

guiding principles and a mode of behaviour that is an endpoint objective
- Comfortable life and sense of accomplishment

A. Instrumental values
B. Acculturation
C. Terminal values
D. worldview

A

C. Terminal values

36
Q

guiding principles to help one attain some objective
- Honesty or ambition

A. Instrumental values
B. Acculturation
C. Terminal values
D. worldview

A

A. Instrumental values

Assessment of Individual Differences (5 decks)

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