Week 9 Flashcards
… is “any distinguishable, relatively enduring way in which one individual varies from another”
- trait
- state
- personality type
Trait is any distinguishable, relatively enduring way in which one individual varies from another”
- A characteristic of a person
… is a constellation of traits that is similar in pattern to one identified category of personality within a taxonomy of personalities.
- trait
- state
- personality type
Personality type: a constellation of traits that is similar in pattern to one identified category of personality within a taxonomy of personalities.
- A description of someone
…. is the transitory experience of some personality trait; a relatively temporary predisposition.
An anxious state is more temporary then having an anxious disposition
- trait
- state
- personality type
• State: the transitory experience of some personality trait; a relatively temporary predisposition.
An anxious state is more temporary then having an anxious disposition
True or false
Personality traits are often not consistent cross-situationally
true
Personality traits are often not consistent cross-situationally
E.g. acts aggressively in rugby game is different to being aggressive on the street
they are context specific
According to Allport (1937), what is a cardinal trait?
- characteristics that are found in every person; honesty or friendliness
- only seen in certain circumstances; likes and dislikes that a close friend would know
- dominant, and shape a persons behaviour; passion or an obsession
Cardinal Traits - dominant, and shape a persons behaviour; passion or an obsession
According to Allport (1937), what is a central trait?
- characteristics that are found in every person; honesty or friendliness
- only seen in certain circumstances; likes and dislikes that a close friend would know
- dominant, and shape a persons behaviour; passion or an obsession
Central Traits - central traits are characteristics that are found in every person; honesty or friendliness
According to Allport (1937), what is a Secondary traits?
- characteristics that are found in every person; honesty or friendliness
- only seen in certain circumstances; likes and dislikes that a close friend would know
- dominant, and shape a persons behaviour; passion or an obsession
Secondary traits - only seen in certain circumstances; likes and dislikes that a close friend would know
• Jung (1923) typology:
focuses on how people …. (thinking and feeling) and ….(sensation and intuition)
Judge
Perceive
• Jung (1923) typology:
focuses on how people judge (thinking and feeling) and perceive (sensation and intuition)
Friedman and Rosenman (1974) developed a two-category personality typology:
…. is a personality type that is characterised as being mellow or laid back.
- Doesn’t need to show achievement and dominance
… is a personality type characterised by competitiveness, haste, restlessness, impatience, feelings of being time-pressured, and strong needs for achievement and dominance
Type A personality
Type B personality
• Type A personality: a personality type characterised by competitiveness, haste, restlessness, impatience, feelings of being time-pressured, and strong needs for achievement and dominance
• Type B personality: a personality type that is completely opposite of type A personality, characterised as being mellow or laid back. Doesn't need to show achievement and dominance
What is “The short term, situations dependent characteristic of people”
- Personality traits
- States
- Traits
- Personality Profile
States
The short term, situations dependent characteristic of people
- E.g. test anxiety doesn’t mean you have clinical anxiety
- Relatively short term/situation dependent.
Measuring states amounts to a search for, and an assessment of, the strength of traits that are relatively transitory or situation-specific.
….: access the person we are interested in
Can be based test-takers own self report, or as a response to interview questions
….: ask someone else to provide data on this person
Based on information given from parents, teachers, peers
- Self-report (S) data
- Informant (I) data
Self-report (S) data - access the person we are interested in
- Can be based test-takers own self report, or as a response to interview questions
Informant (I) data - ask someone else to provide data on this person
- Based on information given from parents, teachers, peers
Self-report methods (S-data) explore
… one’s attitudes, beliefs, opinions, and related thoughts about oneself
- Based on the notion that states and traits are context dependent
… the degree to which a person has different self-concepts in different roles
A. Self-concept
B. Self-concept differentiation
Self-concept: one’s attitudes, beliefs, opinions, and related thoughts about oneself
○ Based on the notion that states and traits are context dependent
Self-concept differentiation: the degree to which a person has different self-concepts in different roles
Biases possible in informant data (I-data)
… thinking some is amazing, clouds your judgment of the person
… all observations of a person are more average, they aren’t as accurate as just talking to the individual
…. where a persons belief of what the client is influences their report
A. Leniency/generosity error
B. error of central tendency
C. halo effect
halo effect - thinking some is amazing, clouds your judgment of the person
error of central tendency - all observations of a person are more average, they aren’t as accurate as just talking to the individual
Leniency/generosity error - where a persons belief of what the client is influences their report
Personality assessment measures…
A. Particular traits
B. States
C. Personality profiles
D. All of the above
• What is assessed when a personality assessment is conducted?
particular traits (e.g., reward sensitivity), states (e.g., test anxiety), or personality profiles (e.g., ENFJ);
OR
descriptions of behaviour, usually in particular contexts
What is B-data
A. access the person we are interested in
Can be based test-takers own self report, or as a response to interview questions
B. ask someone else to provide data on this person
Based on information given from parents, teachers, peers
C. not controlled settings (natural environment) and accessing someone’s behaviour in relation to that environment
Personality assessors can also be found observing behaviour and making assessments in natural settings (B-data).
- B-data - not controlled settings (natural environment) and accessing someone’s behaviour in relation to that environment
… focuses on exploration, in a specific time frame (past, present or future) or other contextual issues (people, places or events)
“How many times in the past week did you feel…”
A. Structured
B. Unstructured
C. Frame of reference
D. Q-sort technique
Frame of reference - focuses on exploration, in a specific time frame (past, present or future) or other contextual issues (people, places or events)
e.g.
“How many times in the past week did you feel…”
“How would your peers rate…”
An assessment technique in which the task is to sort a group of statements, they are in a perceived rank order ranging from the most and the least descriptive
Use this to identify the discrepancy between the perceived actual self and the ideal self
A. Structured
B. Unstructured
C. Frame of reference
D. Q-sort technique
Q-sort technique
face to face interviews is an example of
A. Structured
B. Unstructured
C. Frame of reference
D. Q-sort technique
A. Structured
Behavioural observation study (B-Data) is an example of
A. Structured
B. Unstructured
C. Frame of reference
D. Q-sort technique
B. Unstructured
According to the Four Approaches of Personality Assessment what is - “How a limited number of personality traits can be applied to all people”
A. Normative approach
B. Ipsative approach
C. Nomothetic approach
D. Idiographic approach
Nomothetic approach
- (intrapersonal)
According to the Four Approaches of Personality Assessment what is - “Looking at responses in the strength of a measure trait, which are interpreted relative to the strength of measure traits for that same individual”
A. Normative approach
B. Ipsative approach
C. Nomothetic approach
D. Idiographic approach
Ipsative approach
- How am I scoring relative to myself
- (interpersonal)
According to the Four Approaches of Personality Assessment what is - “Interpret the strength of a measure trait in an individual relative to the strength of the trait in a sample of a larger population”
A. Normative approach
B. Ipsative approach
C. Nomothetic approach
D. Idiographic approach
A. Normative approach
- How am I scoring relative to others”
According to the Four Approaches of Personality Assessment what is - “Learning about each individuals unique constellation of personality traits can help us”
D. Idiographic approach
- uniqueness
a standard on which a judgement or decision can be made.
A. Criterion
B. Empirical criterion keying
C. Criterion group
• Criterion
a standard on which a judgement or decision can be made.
When do we know someone has a certain trait, what makes that trait
a reference group of test-takers who share specific characteristics and whose responses to tests serve as a standard according to which items will be included or discarded from the final version of the scale.
A. Criterion
B. Empirical criterion keying
C. Criterion group
• Criterion group
a reference group of test-takers who share specific characteristics and whose responses to tests serve as a standard according to which items will be included or discarded from the final version of the scale.
Used to test your items before reducing items to a final scale
the process of using criterion groups to develop test items. The shared characteristic of the criterion group to research will vary as a function of the nature and scope of the test.
A. Criterion
B. Empirical criterion keying
C. Criterion group
• Empirical criterion keying
the process of using criterion groups to develop test items. The shared characteristic of the criterion group to research will vary as a function of the nature and scope of the test.
a diagnostic test, a skills test or ability test - they have different criterions and criterion groups
a narrative description of the extent to which a person demonstrates certain personality traits, states, or types.
A. Personality profile
B. Personality Trait
C. Criterion group
D. Empirical criterion keying
- Personality profile:
* a narrative description of the extent to which a person demonstrates certain personality traits, states, or types.
Limitation of the MMPI
A. Lacked face validity
B. could not be scored into neat diagnostic categories
C. Did not use criterion groups
D. no limitations
• The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
is frequently discussed in terms of the patterns of scores that emerge, referred to as a profile.
Limitation
- could not be scored into neat diagnostic categories
The MMPI has scales built-in to combat the problems inherent to Self-Report methods: What scale calls into question the examinee’s honesty.
A. L scale
B. F scale
C. K score
D. (?) Cannot say
Lie scale
The MMPI has scales built-in to combat the problems inherent to Self-Report methods: What scale contains items that are infrequently endorsed by non-psychiatric populations and do not fall into any known pattern of deviance, which can help determine how serious an examinee takes the test, as well as identify malingering.
A. L scale
B. F scale
C. K score
D. (?) Cannot say
Frequency scale
The MMPI has scales built-in to combat the problems inherent to Self-Report methods: What scale is associated with defensiveness and social desirability.
A. L scale
B. F scale
C. K score
D. (?) Cannot say
correction scale
The MMPI has scales built-in to combat the problems inherent to Self-Report methods: What scale functions as a frequency count of the number of items to which the examinee responded cannot say or failed to mark any response
A. L scale
B. F scale
C. K score
D. (?) Cannot say
Cannot Say scale (denoted with ?)
In the MMPI, the Harris-Lingoes subscales measures
internal consistency
internal reliability
face validity
content validity
internal consistency
is the ongoing process by which an individual’s thoughts, behaviours, values, worldview, and identity develop in relation to the thinking, behaviour, customs, and values of a particular cultural group
Norms
Personality identity
Acculturation
Inculturation
• Acculturation is the ongoing process by which an individual’s thoughts, behaviours, values, worldview, and identity develop in relation to the thinking, behaviour, customs, and values of a particular cultural group.
begins at birth, and proceeds throughout development.
guiding principles and a mode of behaviour that is an endpoint objective
- Comfortable life and sense of accomplishment
A. Instrumental values
B. Acculturation
C. Terminal values
D. worldview
C. Terminal values
guiding principles to help one attain some objective
- Honesty or ambition
A. Instrumental values
B. Acculturation
C. Terminal values
D. worldview
A. Instrumental values
