Week 8: The land SDH (pt 1)

Question 1

Why is inaccurate census data about the size of Ottawa’s Inuit community so concerning?

Answer 1

It leads to inadequate funding for the health and social services designed to help these people. Numbers determine how funding agencies will spend their money too, so low population estimates will create less funding for organizations that serve the community

Question 2

What type of genocide was residential schools. Why is it important to distinguish the type of genocide

Answer 2

It was cultural genocide which is significant because it is more descriptive to what was actually going on. a lot of the times, politicians and the media tried to cover it up, but addressing it as a cultural genocide defines the truth of what happened- schools in place to kill culture

Question 3

Who are aboriginal people? Why is the term sometimes not appropriate?

Answer 3

They are the original inhabitants of Canada. The term was created by governments and imposed on them. The people did not create the term themselves raising some controversy

Question 4

What does the constitution act of 1982 section 35 say about aboriginal peoples?

Answer 4

• protects their treaty rights

- recognizes them as 3 distinct groups: indian, metis, Inuit

Question 5

what 3 terms were imposed and did not come from specific communities themselves?

Answer 5

1. Aboriginal
2. Indians
3. Indigenous

Question 6

Describe each term:

a) Indigenous
b) Aboriginal
c) Indian
d) first nations
e) Inuit
f) Metis

Answer 6

a) most widely used and refers to a collective group
b) government imposed and used in census reports
c) classify’s them under the federal indian act. Not preferred because its racist
d) replaces Indian and widely accepted
e) lived above the tree line and a first nation population, live mostly in Nunavut
f) children born from intermarriages between European men and first nations women in Canada

Question 7

1. What is the difference between status and non-status indians
2. What did bill C31 allow?

Answer 7

1. Status = those registered under the indian act
   non-status = not registered or were denied status due to discriminatory reasons.
2. Bill C31 allowed for those who lost their status to reapply. For example, before, if you married a white man as a woman, you were denied status. But now you can get status

Question 8

What was significant about Jay Bell’s art?

Answer 8

It showed the interconnectedness that exists between everything and this is through creation

Question 9

Why does the census have lower numbers?

Answer 9

• don’t make an effort to find everyone
• don’t accomodate to those who don’t speak english or can’t access it
• resistance from first nations to complete the census because of colonial history

Question 10

1. What is health disparity linked to?
2. what does health disparity lead to?
3. what is health inequality?
4. what is health equity? How can we work towards this?

Answer 10

1. It is linked to systemic racism and discrimination, environmental, social and political disadvantage
2. leads to differences in health outcomes–> negatively impacts the health care people receive
3. differences in health outcomes from not treating people equal and discrimination
4. social justice and health so no one is the denied the right to health regardless of their background. We have to make improvements in the current health disparities

Question 11

Which of the following are indigenous health disparities discussed in lecture?

1. morality
2. mortality
3. covid-19
4. infant mortality
5. suicide and mental health
6. chronic illness
7. economic insurance
8. tuberculosis
9. disability

Answer 11

mortality, infant mortality, suicide/mental health, chronic illness, tuberculosis

Question 12

Explain each of the indigenous health disparities:

1. mortality
2. infant mortality
3. suicide
4. mental health
5. chronic illness
6. tuberculosis

Answer 12

1. life expectancy is lower in indigenous people
2. improvements are not equally distributed. Despite higher rates of infant mortality in Indigenous regions, the studies don’t define ethnicity as a leading cause.
3. higher in indigenous populations, specifically Inuit men.
4. mental health is lower for people in lowest income brackets, low education, marginalized groups. These are characteristics of indigenous people
5. chronic illness like asthma, heart disease, diabetes, lung cancer, obesity
6. tuberculosis rates are much higher, traced back to lack of SDH like inadequate housing, so it spreads much faster

Question 13

On infant mortality:

1. ___ out of 1000 babies born in Canada will not live past their first birthday
2. Mortality rates are _____ in areas with Indigenous populations
3. what are the leading causes of infant death?

Answer 13

1. 3.7
2. higher
3. inadequate housing, poverty, lack of health care access, unemployment, food insecurity–> SDH

Question 14

suicide is an ______ in indigenous communities

Answer 14

epidemic

Question 15

tuberculosis rates in indigenous communities are __x higher

Answer 15

300x

Question 16

1. why are lung cancer rates so high in indigenous populations?
2. __% of indigenous people 20 and older smoke daily compared to ___% of non-indigenous
3. Indigenous youth aged __ to __ is increasing in smoking

Answer 16

1. access to commercial tobacco is much easier because of the different legal regulations in on reserve areas. tobacco is a traditional medicine
2. 50%, 22%
3. 12-17

Question 17

1. What are the 4 sacred medicines?
2. why is tobacco significant and how is it used for different purposes?
3. what is the difference between traditional tobacco and commercial?

Answer 17

1. tobacco, cedar, sage and sweetgrass
2. In the world of the elders: traditional tobacco is a gift from the creator used as a way of giving thanks (ex: to the land), as medicine for healing, and as a way of carrying prayers to the Creator by smoking it.
3. Tobacco in its original form had both honour and purpose and did not contain all the chemicals that are now put into it. What is sold today has been tampered with for business and profit, taking away from its original purpose.

Question 18

Why do so many Indigenous people smoke?

Answer 18

• running smoke shacks can be a way to gain profit for your family
• helps with mental health (coping)

Question 19

The difference in traditional tobacco vs commercial tobacco is due to a loss of _____. This is a direct result of historical and ongoing ________

Answer 19

culture, colonialism

Question 20

what are the 3 ways that health is conceptualized among First Nations?

Answer 20

1. medicine wheel: teaching how to be healthy by living a good life. The good life is balance between the physical, mental, emotional and spiritual elements of the self represented by 4 quads in the wheel
2. Metis infinity symbol on the flag: the strength and continuity of the metis nation to teach younger generations about what it means to be a healthy Metis person and preserve the culture
3. Inuit IQ: 8 principles that guide what it means to be a good and healthy person. This means caring for the community too

Question 21

Explain how we can use a tree to represent indigenous SDH

Answer 21

leaves: are the proximal SDH. These influence health in the most obvious and direct ways and includes employment, education, income barriers.
trunk: is intermediate SDH which connect proximal and distal determinants. Ex: justice and education, access to land, language, ceremonies, cultural continuity, social network and supports

roots : distal SDH that have less direct impacts on the health of individuals but have significant influence on the proximal SDH. ex: racism/discrimination, colonialism

Question 22

classify each as proximal, intermediate or distal determinants:

a) language
b) racism
c) income
d) substance use
e) colonialism
f) healthcare access

Answer 22

a) intermediate
b) distal
c) proximal
d) proximal
e) distal
f) intermediate

Question 23

1. what is colonialism?
2. What did Sir John A Macdonald say about Indigenous children?
3. what were the conditions of residential schools?

Answer 23

1. colonialism is the practice of domination which involves the subjugation of one people to another. Canada is a colonized country and the French and British took over
2. He said that children needed to go to these schools bc they were being exposed to the practices and cultural values brought on them from their parents.
3. malnourishment, unsanitary, lack of clothing and good living conditions, no dental care

Question 24

the odds of dying in residential schools were __ in ___ in comparison to WW2 which was __ in ___

Answer 24

1. 1 in 25, 1 in 26

Question 25

a) what are some immediate effects of residential schools on the 4 quads of the medicine wheel:
1. physical
2. mental
3. spiritual
4. emotional

b) what are some long term effects of residential schools on the 4 quads of the medicine wheel:
1. physical
2. mental
3. spiritual
4. emotional

Answer 25

a)

1. physical abuse, malnutrition, disease, death
2. witnessing abuse, feeling inferior, new language
3. no ceremonies, forced new religion, fear of God
4. isolation from family, separation from community

b)
1. disability, heart disease, obesity
2. PTSD, depression, suicide, addiction
3. loss of cultural identity, loss of language, mistrust of the church
4. emotionally removed, unable to express emotions, anger, love issues

Question 26

What the big overall effect of residential schools is ___________

Answer 26

intergenerational trauma

Question 27

What is the Jordan principle and how did it start?

Answer 27

• Jordan was a first nations patient who spent 2 years in a hospital unnecessarily because the governments argued about who should pay the cost of home care
• the principle now ensures that there is equality and no gaps in publicly funded health and services for first nations between the ages of 0-17