Week 8: Qualitative studies Flashcards
- What is quantitative research?
- What is qualitative research?
- uses structured, hypothesis driven approaches to gather DATA that can be statistically analyzed –> # focused, testing existing hypotheses
- uses in depth INTERVIEWS, focus group discussions, observation, and other methods to explore attitudes and perceptions, identify themes and patterns –> to answer the why and how, to formulate new theories
________ research examines existing hypotheses
________ research formulates new hypotheses/theories
quantitative
qualitative
T/F: phenomena cannot be directly measured
T.
- What is ontology?
- ontology compares _________ vs _________
- type of qualitative study involving realism vs relativism
realism = one reality exists that can be understood by objective observation
relativism = multiple realities that cannot be fully understood - nature VS reality
- Epistemology is ___________ vs ___________
- Explain epistemology in terms of quantitative vs qualitative studies
- positive/interpretism vs critical theory
- quantitative study = researchers independent from their study subjects and can control for possible biases in order to make objective measurements
qualitative study = researchers and study participants are interdependent and they create knowledge together as they interactively explore subjective topics
What is methodology?
data collection and analysis
What is axiology? explain in terms of quantitative vs qualitative studies
axiology = study of values
quantitative = assumes rigorous procedures can control the impact of values and biases on study outcomes
Qualitative = assumes that a researcher’s values affect the study
what are theoretical paradigms?
Paradigms are philosophical and theoretical frameworks used within a discipline to formulate theories, generalizations, and the experiments performed in support of them
- for critical theory
- constructivism/interpretivism
identify the correct order of the qualitative research planning process:
a) ontology –> methodology –> theoretical paradigms–> epistemology –> methods
b) methodology –> ontology –> theoretical paradigms–> epistemology –> methods
c) ontology –> epistemology –> theoretical paradigms –> methodology –> methods
d) epistemology –> ontology –> theoretical paradigms–> epistemology –> methodology –> methods
c) ontology –> epistemology –> theoretical paradigms –> methodology –> methods
What is NOT a methodology in the health sciences?
a) case studies
b) phenomenology
c) grounded theory
d) ethnography
e) case reports
e)
- What is phenomenology?
- what is the methods of gathering phenomenology information?
- what is bracketing?
- exploring how individuals interpret and find meaning in their own unique life experiences and feelings –> perspective of the participants
- in depth interviews, looking at transcripts to find meanings and themes
- bracketing = when researchers put aside preconceived ideas about reality in order to be open to new meanings that might be expressed by participants
- the grounded theory is an (inductive/deductive) reasoning process? Explain what this means
- What is data saturation?
- inductive. using observations to develop general THEORIES that explain phenomena
- data saturation = data collection until the desired theory is reached.
- What is ethnography?
- how are ethnographies DIFFERENT from phenomenology?
- systematic study of people and cultures in their natural environments
- Ethnography is the systematic study of people and cultures whereas phenomenology is the study of subjective, lived experiences and perspectives of participants.
What is a case study?
using multiple data sources to examine and understand 1 person, group or event in detail
what are mixed method studies?
Elements of both quantitative and qualitative methods in one single study–> collect both quantitative and qualitative data and then compare the results and interpret them
What are the 2 main issues of collecting qualitative data?
- high chance for bias since there is close engagement of participants with researchers–> hard to remain objective
- it is a methodological (data analysis) and ethical issue
- What is an in-depth interview?
- What type of interview is it? semi structured or structured?
- What are some techniques?
- long (1-2 hours) interview with a key informant using open ended questions
- semi structured
- probing, observing and recording
What is a focus group?
small number of people with similar backgrounds, experiences or perspectives participating in 1-2 hours of a moderated discussion led by the researcher.
- Explain each type of observational methods:
a) naturalistic observation
b) controlled observation
c) participant observation
d) field notes - naturalistic observation is ______
controlled observation is _______
- a) naturalistic observation = the researcher discreetly observes study subjects in a natural setting, typically without the knowledge of the subjects
b) controlled observation = study participants are observed in a laboratory setting and know that they are being observed
c) participant observation = a trained investigator seeks to understand a community by engaging with its members and immersing in its practices
d) field notes = observation records, interview transcripts, and other documents compiled during the qualitative research process - covert = secret
overt = clear
- analyzing qualitative data is (inductive/deductive). This means…
- analyzing quantitative data is (inductive/deductive). This means….
- inductive –> developing theories
- deductive –> testing theories
Explain each analytic framework:
1. Content analysis
2. Constant comparison
3. narrative and discourse analysis
- the process of categorizing textual data
- by coding the text using labels and categories from text or from existing theories
- determine which codes occur most often and identify the most prominent patterns and themes - collecting data, transcribing interviews, identifying categories, themes, theory
- narrative analysis = understands personal stories; can apply different philosophies to interpret the stories (feminism)
discourse analysis = uses linguistics to evaluate ordinary language
Which of the following is NOT the most common analytic framework in health research?
a) content analysis
b) narrative and discourse analysis
c) collecting data
b)
- What is process coding?
- what is process categorizing?
- what is process themes?
- what is a process theory?
- using words or phrases to summarize contents, attitudes or processes in a transcript or other qualitative document
- grouping related codes into categories
- synthesizing the categories in order to identify concepts, meanings and themes that answer the study question
- a construct that provides a systematic explanation about a phenomenon
