Week 8 - NOT ON EXAM 2 Flashcards
Critical Period
when development is RESPONSIVE to INFLUENCE
Time during which a developing system is especially vulnerable to injury
Thought to correspond to periods of rapid growth
Sensitive Period
developing system more amenable to acquisition of certain abilities (e.g. language input during first year of life), more sensitive to certain stimuli (e.g. parent smell), and more readily influenced by certain environmental factors → long term impact on development
Time when EXPOSURE to things SUFFICES in teaching rather than expending conscious effort to learn
Piaget - basis of his ideas?
cognitive development through interactions with the environment
Assimilation
Accommodation
Decalage
Stages of development
Assimilation
integration of new experience with past experiences and problem-solving based on past experiences
Accommodation
reorganization of mind based on discordance between new experience and past experiences in order to understand new experience
Decalage
unevenness in developmental progress across different cognitive abilities (walking vs. talking)
Stages of development (4)
1) Sensorimotor (birth to 18-24 months)
2) Preoperational (18-24 months to 7 years)
3) Concrete operations (7 to 12yrs)
4) Formal operations (12 yrs - adulthood)
Sensorimotor (birth to 18-24 months)
dependence on exploration of perceptual stimuli through sensory modalities - development of object permanence
Preoperational (18-24 months to 7 years)
language development, symbolic capacities, magical explanations, limited attention span and memory, egocentrism causality based on temporal or spatial nearness
Concrete operations (7 to 12yrs)
ability to conserve volume and quantity, reversibility of events, perspective taking, logical dialogue, complex causal sequences
Formal operations (12 yrs - adulthood)
manipulation of ideas and concepts, abstract reasoning, etc.
Bowlby - studied what?
attachment theory
Relationship with primary caregiver during infancy forms foundation for later well-being and personality development
Infants programmed to behave in ways that evoke care and ensure survival
Secure base
relationship with a person who provides comfort and safety and enables the infant/young child to explore the environment
Strange situation
experimental paradigm developed to determine attachment status
Defense mechanism (Freud) (9)
Repression Displacement Sublimation Denial Rationalization Reaction formation Projection Sublimation Regression
Repression
hiding away wishes in the unconscious
Displacement
symptoms (wishes/impulses) hidden in one area appear in another
Sublimation
using energy from unfulfilled wishes/impulses in a constructive way
Denial
failure to acknowledge a truth that produces anxiety
Rationalization
actions based on one motive justified by a more acceptable motive
Reaction formation
displaying a trait that is opposite of a repressed one
Projection
attribute your own unacceptable impulses to another
Sublimation
channeling instincts/wishes/impulses into socially accepted and valuable activity (e.g. painting)
Regression
reverting to behaviors seen in earlier stages of development to obtain care/resources that alleviate anxiety
____________ are key for neurodevelopment
EARLY relationships
Newborns
APGAR score?
Communication?
Developmental tasks?
APGAR scores: HR, respiratory effort, muscle tone, reflex, irritability, color
“The 4th trimester”
Communication: initially through crying/distress and soothability
Developmental tasks: feeding, sleep and social interaction, movement, ability to calm themselves
Infants: 0-12 months
Motor development (4)
1) Primitive reflexes disappear:
2) Posture - lifts head up prone (1 mo), rolls and sits (6 mo), crawls (8 mo), stands (10 mo), walks (12-18 mo)
3) Picks - passes toys hand to hand (6mo), Pincer grasp (10 mo)
4) Points to objects (12 mo)
Infants: 0-12 months
Motor development – Primitive reflexes
-Moro (3 mo)
-Rooting (4 mo)
Palmar (6 mo)
Babinski (12 mo)
Infants: 0-12 months
Social development (3)
Social smile (2 mo) Stranger anxiety (6 mo) Separation anxiety (9 mo)
Infants: 0-12 months
Verbal/cognitive development (3)
Orients - first to voice (4 mo), then to name and gestures (9 mo)
Object permanence (9 mo)
Oratory - says “mama” and “dada” by 10 mo
Toddlers: 12-36 months
Motor development (5)
Cruises - takes first steps (12 mo) Climb stairs (18 mo) Cubes stacked Cultured - feeds self with fork and spoon (20 mo) Kicks ball (24 mo)
Toddlers: 12-36 months
Social development (3)
Recreation - parallel play (24-36 mo)
Rapprochement - moves away from and returns to mother (24 mo)
Realization - core gender identity (36 mo)
Toddlers: 12-36 months
Cognitive/Verbal development (2)
Words - 200 words by age 2, 2 word sentences
Preschoolers: 3-5 years
Motor Development (3)
Drive - tricycle
Drawings - copies line or circle, stick figure
Dexterity -hop on one foot (4 yr), use buttons/zippers, groom self (5 yrs)
Preschoolers: 3-5 years
Social development (2)
Freedom - comfortably spends part of day away from mother (3 yr)
Friends - cooperative play has imaginary friends (4 yr)
Preschoolers: 3-5 years
Cognitive/Verbal development (2)
Language - 1000 words by age 3, uses complete sentences and prepositions (4 yr)
Legends - can tell detailed stories (4 yr)
Positive stress response
normal, essential part of healthy development, brief increases in HR, mild elevations in hormone levels
Tolerable stress response
activates body’s alert systems to a greater degree due to more severe, long-lasting difficulties
Buffered by RELATIONSHIPS with adults
Toxic stress
adversity and prolonged stress in the absence of buffering relationships
