Week 8: Mood and Suicide Flashcards
when does a mood become a mood disorder
when mood is too intense for too long so the person experiences:
- disabling
- significant emotional disturbances
- extreme sadness
- extreme elation or irritability
- proper functioning of mood is disrupted
definition: emotional state marked by great sadness, feelings of worthlessness, and guilt
major depressive disorder
to be diagnosed for major depressive disorder:
need 5 symptoms for 2 weeks, with one symptoms being sad/depressed mood OR loss of pleasure
what are psychologizers
people who emphasize with the psychological aspects of depression
what are melancholic features
when people find no pleasure in activities, even temporary pleasure when something good happens
- some people with depression experience this
Statistics on depression
Canada life time prevalence: 20-50%
2x more common in women than men
the subtypes of major depressive disorder are:
seasonal affective disorder
postpartum depression
major depressive disorder with psychotic features
persistent depressive disorder
seasonal affective disorder
relationships between seasons and depression - usually depression during winter
highest rate found among people in Canadian arctic
- this subtype detected among 11% of people with depression in Canada
Postpartum depression
May begin during pregnancy or within 4 weeks of childbirth
major depressive disorder with psychotic features
more severe than depression alone
social impairment
less times between episodes of depression
individual suffers from delusions and hallucination often with a depressive theme
people respond well to psychotic disorder drugs and depression drugs in combination but not well individually
emotional state or mood of unfounded elevation or irritability
mania
a clinical episode where a person experiences the full range of symptoms of both mania and depression
mixed episode
statistics on bipolar disorder
Lifetime prevalence rate of Bipolar I and II = 4.4%
average age of onset = 20s
men more likely to have mania
women more likely to have depression
bipolar tends to reoccur
50% reoccur in 12 months
more than half of people have more than 4 episodes
bipolar I
episodes of mania alone or with episodes of both mania and depression
Bipolar II
episodes of major depression followed by hypomania
cyclothymia disorder
frequent periods of depression and hypomania
sometimes intermittent periods of normal mood for up to two months
must experience symptoms for 2 years or at least 50% of time for a diagnosis
Freud psychological theory of depression
stuck in oral stage - depend too much on others for self-esteem maintenance
harbour negative feelings about a loved one who died
- internalize any negative thoughts or feelings about them
Aaron Beck’s Theory of Depression
Level 1: Automatic thoughts - valid to indivi.
Level 2: Schema - typically rigid
Level 3: Core beliefs - negative triad (self, world, future)
congruency hypothesis of depression
diathesis-stress approach
- if something happens in environment that contradicts or counters a persons needs
Seligman’s Theories of Depression
Version 1: learned helplessness - dog and shock
Version 2: Attributional bias - depressive paradox
Version 3: hopelessness theory - tendency to assume negative life events have severe life consequences
Depressive predictive certainty: all versions interacting leading to the development of hopelessness
interpersonal theory of depression
the depressed have sparse social networks and their attitudes do not let them gain new friends easily - makes support system weak or non-existent
genetic rates for bipolar and depression
mania from bipolar - 85% genetic
Major depression: 35% genetic
what is thought to be happening to HPA axis in depression
it is over active –> abundance of cortisol –> untreated depression shows atrophy of hippocampus
what s the dexamthasone suppression test
when given dexamethasone during an overnight test the drug that is supposed to suppress cortisol does not suppress cortisol in individuals with depression
therapies for mood disorders include what
CBT
Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy
what is the psychological theory behind mania
mania could be a defence against a debilitating psychological state
treatments for mood disorders
- Electoconvulsive therapy (ECT) - bilateral and unilateral
- deep brain stimulation
treatments for bipolar
lithium and CBT (helps adherence to meds as they often lack insight into their self-destructive behaviour; also increase social suppot)
treatment for seasonal affective disorder
phototherapy
Suicide stats
9th leading causes of death in canada 2nd leading causes of death (after accidents) of youth, 15-24 years old 30% of ppl with plans are successful 9% of ppl without a plan are successful 46% of suicide attempts are unplanned
self-injury in which there is no intent to die
suicide gestures
____ % of people with major depressive disorder ultimately commit suicide
15%
What is the Risk Factor model of Suicide
4 categories
(1) predisposing behaviors: enduring factors that make a person vulnerable to suicide behaviors
(2) precipitating factors: acute factors that create a crisis
(3) contributing factors: factors that increase exposure to predisposing or precipitating factors
(4) protective factors: decrease risk of suicidal behaviour
what are the 3 objectives Shneidman says to use to prevent suicide by treating it directly
- reduce psychological pain
- lift the blinders: discuss all their options
- encourage the person to pull back from the act
the three components of preventing suicide
- treating the underlying mental disorder
- treating suicidality directly
- suicide prevention centres
