Week 8: Medicine Learning

Question 1

When and where did medical education as a formal part of university program?

Answer 1

Middle of the second millennium
European universities

Question 2

What was the first university in the US to offer a medicine program?

Answer 2

John Hopkins

Question 3

What was the main thrust of a medical education in older times?

Answer 3

a) Apprenticeship with an experience physician
b) Internship with a professional guild

Question 4

What was the content or approach for medical education in major centers?

Answer 4

Part of a broader higher eduction

Question 5

What disciplines were approached in medical education?

Answer 5

Rhetoric, philosophy, mathematics, geography, astronomy, natural world, and medicine

Question 6

What practitioners of later antiquity benefited from a broder education?

Answer 6

a) Galen - Good at rhetoric / Persuading his peers
b) Soranus - Better doctor than Galen
c) Celsius - No physician / Enciclopedist
=> Contributor to medical terms in Latin

Question 7

Was medical education in the ancient world similar to the modern times? If yes, in what ways?

Answer 7

Yes. Higher education degree program that leads to a medical career.

Question 8

Is medical education in the late 6th, 5th, and 4th well understood? How is it understood?

Answer 8

No. Extrapolate from hints left in medical writings and other authors (eg. Plato / Aristotle)

Question 9

How was medical education based on some inferences (e.g., Hippocratic Oath 5thC)?

Answer 9

a) Apprenticeship system in operation (Youth joining senior practitioner)
b) Guild of professionalstrained to the same standard

Question 10

What other pieces of evidence suggest a professional guild of physicians?

Answer 10

a) Schools of Cnidian and Coan
b) Dominance of the theory of 4 humors
c) Absence of competing theories

Question 11

What did the Cnidian and Coan medical schools promoted?

Answer 11

a) Clinical practice / Hands-on focus
b) Broader education / Theory focus

Question 12

How was knowledge in medicine standardized in ancient times?

Answer 12

Spread of information and herbal products
a) Conquest of Alexander the Great
b) Roman Empire
Merchants brought cinnamon from India. and opioids are known.

Question 13

Schools in Hellenistic and Roman Times in terms of methodology/principle

Answer 13

a) Dogmatists
b) Pneumatic
c) Methodist

Question 14

How were the schools of thought in post-classical medicine?

Answer 14

a) Specific methodologies
b) Systems of principles

Question 15

Where did physical schools exist in Hellenistic / Roman times?

Answer 15

Large cities of Hellenistic kingdoms and Roman Empire
a) Athens
b) Alexandria
c) Pergamum
d) Rome

Question 16

What was taught in those physical schools?

Answer 16

Dissemination of knowledge and methods of a particular sect

Question 17

Example of lecture in the ancient times

Answer 17

Rufus of Ephesus in an anatomy lesson
a) Parts of the body of a slave

Question 18

What did a medical education involve in ancient times?

Answer 18

a) Some Anatomy lessons
b) Significant learning on diet
c) Significant learning of drugs/potions
d) Basic, skin-deep surgery
e) Deeper surgery required additional training
f) Knowledge of how to clean, disinfect, and bandage wounds.

Question 19

What was required for specialization in medicine in ancient times?

Answer 19

a) Time / Experience
b) Additional learning with someone exceptionally skilled.

Question 20

What were the following characters specialized in?
a) Kriton
b) Kleopatra
c) Aspasia / Metrodora / Soranus

Answer 20

a) Cosmetic medicine
b) Hair loss
c) Obgyn

Question 21

Where did specialization occur?

Answer 21

In the cities
Small town doctors would be generalists

Question 22

3 Major pitfalls of ancient medicine

Answer 22

a) Imperfect understanding of anatomy due to religious observance (Ban on dissection of dead bodies)
b) Lack of understanding the agency of bacteria and viruses
c) Absence of reliable, effective anesthetics to perform deep surgery (e.g., an appendectomy would be threatening)

Question 23

How was anatomical knowledge gained? What was the disadvantage?

Answer 23

a) Analogies with other animals (barn)
=> Misleading due to differences in human anatomy (e.g., Aristotle/heart)
b) Observation of open wounds in the battlefield

Question 24

How was the work of pathogens explained?

Answer 24

Theory of the four humors

Question 25

What skills are centrally important to improve the knowledge and understanding of medicine in ancient times?

Answer 25

a) Reasoning
b) Extrapolation
c) Comparison
d) Conclusion

Question 26

Why is warfare most important to ancient physician?

Answer 26

Opportunity to study the human body

Question 27

What are the objectives of the Florida board exams?

Answer 27

a) Protect the patient
b) Set a standard
c) Assure proficiency

Question 28

What is the primary method of learning in ancient and modern medical training?

Answer 28

On the job of training

Question 29

Due to the lack of a licensing system, a physician relied on…

Answer 29

His reputation

Question 30

What evidence does the Hippocatic Oath suggest about medical training?

Answer 30

The existence of a guild would probably set a standard, although not universal