Week 8: Medicine Learning Flashcards
When and where did medical education as a formal part of university program?
Middle of the second millennium
European universities
What was the first university in the US to offer a medicine program?
John Hopkins
What was the main thrust of a medical education in older times?
a) Apprenticeship with an experience physician
b) Internship with a professional guild
What was the content or approach for medical education in major centers?
Part of a broader higher eduction
What disciplines were approached in medical education?
Rhetoric, philosophy, mathematics, geography, astronomy, natural world, and medicine
What practitioners of later antiquity benefited from a broder education?
a) Galen - Good at rhetoric / Persuading his peers
b) Soranus - Better doctor than Galen
c) Celsius - No physician / Enciclopedist
=> Contributor to medical terms in Latin
Was medical education in the ancient world similar to the modern times? If yes, in what ways?
Yes. Higher education degree program that leads to a medical career.
Is medical education in the late 6th, 5th, and 4th well understood? How is it understood?
No. Extrapolate from hints left in medical writings and other authors (eg. Plato / Aristotle)
How was medical education based on some inferences (e.g., Hippocratic Oath 5thC)?
a) Apprenticeship system in operation (Youth joining senior practitioner)
b) Guild of professionalstrained to the same standard
What other pieces of evidence suggest a professional guild of physicians?
a) Schools of Cnidian and Coan
b) Dominance of the theory of 4 humors
c) Absence of competing theories
What did the Cnidian and Coan medical schools promoted?
a) Clinical practice / Hands-on focus
b) Broader education / Theory focus
How was knowledge in medicine standardized in ancient times?
Spread of information and herbal products
a) Conquest of Alexander the Great
b) Roman Empire
Merchants brought cinnamon from India. and opioids are known.
Schools in Hellenistic and Roman Times in terms of methodology/principle
a) Dogmatists
b) Pneumatic
c) Methodist
How were the schools of thought in post-classical medicine?
a) Specific methodologies
b) Systems of principles
Where did physical schools exist in Hellenistic / Roman times?
Large cities of Hellenistic kingdoms and Roman Empire
a) Athens
b) Alexandria
c) Pergamum
d) Rome
What was taught in those physical schools?
Dissemination of knowledge and methods of a particular sect
Example of lecture in the ancient times
Rufus of Ephesus in an anatomy lesson
a) Parts of the body of a slave
What did a medical education involve in ancient times?
a) Some Anatomy lessons
b) Significant learning on diet
c) Significant learning of drugs/potions
d) Basic, skin-deep surgery
e) Deeper surgery required additional training
f) Knowledge of how to clean, disinfect, and bandage wounds.
What was required for specialization in medicine in ancient times?
a) Time / Experience
b) Additional learning with someone exceptionally skilled.
What were the following characters specialized in?
a) Kriton
b) Kleopatra
c) Aspasia / Metrodora / Soranus
a) Cosmetic medicine
b) Hair loss
c) Obgyn
Where did specialization occur?
In the cities
Small town doctors would be generalists
3 Major pitfalls of ancient medicine
a) Imperfect understanding of anatomy due to religious observance (Ban on dissection of dead bodies)
b) Lack of understanding the agency of bacteria and viruses
c) Absence of reliable, effective anesthetics to perform deep surgery (e.g., an appendectomy would be threatening)
How was anatomical knowledge gained? What was the disadvantage?
a) Analogies with other animals (barn)
=> Misleading due to differences in human anatomy (e.g., Aristotle/heart)
b) Observation of open wounds in the battlefield
How was the work of pathogens explained?
Theory of the four humors
What skills are centrally important to improve the knowledge and understanding of medicine in ancient times?
a) Reasoning
b) Extrapolation
c) Comparison
d) Conclusion
Why is warfare most important to ancient physician?
Opportunity to study the human body
What are the objectives of the Florida board exams?
a) Protect the patient
b) Set a standard
c) Assure proficiency
What is the primary method of learning in ancient and modern medical training?
On the job of training
Due to the lack of a licensing system, a physician relied on…
His reputation
What evidence does the Hippocatic Oath suggest about medical training?
The existence of a guild would probably set a standard, although not universal
