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Community and Public Health > Week 8 [Environmental and Occupational Health] > Flashcards

Week 8 [Environmental and Occupational Health] Flashcards

1
Q

ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH

Affected by the quality of the environment

A

HEALTH

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2
Q

Quality of the environment includes:

A
  1. Air to breath
  2. Water to drink
  3. Food to eat
  4. Type of community to live
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3
Q

Study and management of environmental conditions that affect the health and well-being of humans

A

Environmental Health

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4
Q

Factors or conditions in the environment that increase the risk of human injury, disease, or death.

A

Environmental hazards

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5
Q
  • is contamination of the air that interferes with the comfort, safety, and health of living organisms.
  • is the contamination of the air by substances—gases, liquids, or solids—in amounts great enough to harm humans, the environment, or that alter climate
A

AIR POLLUTION

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6
Q

Outdoor Air Pollutants

Air pollutant emanating directly from transportation, power and industrial plants, and refineries

EXAMPLES:
* Carbon monoxide
* carbon dioxide
* sulfur dioxide
* nitrogen oxides
* hydrocarbons
* suspended particulates

A

Primary pollutant

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7
Q

Air pollutant formed when primary air pollutants react with sunlight and other atmospheric components to form new harmful compounds

EXAMPLES:
* nitrogen dioxide
* nitric acid
* nitrate salts
* sulfur trioxide
* sulfate salts
* sulfuric acid
* peroxyacyl nitrates
* ozone

A

Secondary pollutant

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8
Q

haze or fog formed when air pollutants interact with sunlight

A

Photochemical smog ‘brown smog’

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9
Q

haze or fog formed primarily by sulfur dioxide and suspended particles from the burning of coal, also known as gray smog

A

Industrial smog ‘gray smog’

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10
Q

EXAMPLES ARE:
* burning eyes
* shortness of breath
* increased incidences of colds, coughs, nose irritation
* other respiratory illness

A

Acute health effects

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10
Q

EXAMPLES ARE:
* chronic bronchitis
* emphysema
* increased incidence of bronchial asthma attacks
* increased risk of lung cancer

A

Chronic health effects

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11
Q
  • an inorganic molecule considered to be a pollutant in the atmosphere because it harms human tissue, but considered beneficial in the stratosphere because it screens out UV radiation.
  • represents the single most dangerous air pollutant
  • Breathing ozone can result in variety of health problems including chest pain, coughing, throat irritation, congestion, bronchitis, emphysema, asthma, and reduced lung function
  • Repeated exposure to ground-level ozone may permanently scar lung tissue
A

OZONE [O3]

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12
Q

a condition that occurs when warm air traps cooler air at the surface of the Earth

A

THERMAL INVERSION

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13
Q
  • An act providing for a comprehensive air pollution control policy and for other purposes.
  • Overall leading agency is the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), together with other government agencies such as DOTC, DOST, DTI, DOE, PAGASA, PNRI, DEPED, and CHED
A

RA 8749 : Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999

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14
Q

Sources of indoor air pollutants:

Five sources

A
  • Building and insulation materials
  • biogenic pollutants, combustion by-products
  • home furnishings and cleaning agents
  • radon gas
  • tobacco smoke
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15
Q
  • a naturally occurring mineral fiber identified as a Class A carcinogen by the EPA
  • It is harmless if intact and left alone, but, when disturbed, inhaled airborne fibers can cause serious health problems
A

Asbestos

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16
Q
  • are airborne materials of biological origin such as living and nonliving fungi and their toxins, bacteria, viruses, molds, pollens, insect parts, and animal dander
  • These contaminants can trigger allergic reactions, including asthma; cause infectious illnesses, such as influenza and measles; or release disease-producing toxins.
A

Biogenic pollutants

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17
Q

WAYS TO REDUCE BIOGENIC POLLUTANTS:

Three ways

A
  1. Relative humidity level of 30% to 50% (recommended).
  2. Remove standing water and any wet or water-damaged material at home.
  3. Inspection of house regularly by someone knowledgeable about indoor air pollutions.
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18
Q
  • include gases (e.g., CO, NO2, and SO2) and particulates (e.g., ash and soot)
  • major sources of these items are fireplaces, wood stoves, kerosene heaters, candles, incense, secondhand tobacco smoke, and improperly maintained gas stoves and furnaces.
A

Combustion by-products

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19
Q

are compounds that exist as vapors over the normal range of air pressures and temperatures

EXAMPLE: Formaldehyde

A

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)

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20
Q

any physical or chemical change in water that can harm living organisms or make the water unfit for other uses such as drinking, domestic use, recreation, fishing, industry, agriculture, or transportation

A

WATER POLLUTION

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21
Q

Refers to a single identifiable source that discharges pollutants into the water, such as a pipe, ditch, or culvert. Point sources of pollution are relatively easy to identify, control, and treat

Release of pollutants from a factory or sewage treatment plant.

A

Point source pollution

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22
Q

all pollution that occurs through the runoff, seepage, or falling of pollutants into the water where the source is difficult or impossible to identify

A

Nonpoint source pollution

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23
Q

Ex. Heat, inorganic chemicals such as lead, copper, and arsenic; organic chemicals; and radioactive contaminants.

A

Nonbiological pollutants

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24
Q

a disease in which at least two persons experience a similar illness after the ingestion of drinking water or after exposure to water used for recreational purposes and epidemiological evidence implicates water as the probable source of the illness

A

Waterborne disease outbreak (WBDO)

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25
Q
  • aims to protect the country’s water bodies from pollution from land-based source (industries and commercial establishments, agriculture and community/household activities). It provides for a comprehensive and integrated strategy to prevent and minimize pollution through a multi-sectoral and participatory approach involving all the
    stakeholders.
  • DENR in coordination with National Water Resources Board (NWRB)
A

RA 9275 – The Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004

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26
Q

CDC defines FBDO as the occurrence of two or more cases of a similar illness resulting from the Foodborne disease outbreaks ingestion of a common food

A

Foodborne disease outbreaks (FBDO)

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27
Q

Leading factors that contributed to FBDOs:

A
  1. inadequate cooking temperatures or improper holding temperatures for foods (especially for bacterial outbreaks)
  2. unsanitary conditions or practices at the point of service, such as failure to wash hands (norovirus outbreaks); or drinking raw (nonpasteurized) milk (bacterial outbreaks).
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28
Q

any organism—a multi-celled animal or plant, or a microbe—that has an adverse effect on human interests

A

Pest

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29
Q

synthetic chemical developed and manufactured for the purpose of killing pests

A

Pesticide

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30
Q

the organism (or pest) for which a pesticide is applied

A

Target organism (target pest)

31
Q

all other susceptible organisms in the environment, for which a pesticide was not intended.

A

Nontarget organisms

32
Q

TWO MOST WIDELY USED PESTICIDES:

A
  1. herbicides (pesticides that kill plants)
  2. insecticides (pesticides that kill insects)
33
Q

AN ACT TO STRENGTHEN THE FOOD SAFETY REGULATORY SYSTEM IN THE COUNTRY TO PROTECT CONSUMER HEALTH AND FACILITATE MARKET ACCESS OF LOCAL FOODS AND FOOD PRODUCTS, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES

A

RA 10611 : Food Safety Act of 2013

34
Q

garbage, refuse, sludge, and other discarded solid materials

A

SOLID WASTE

35
Q

How many percent of solid waste can be traced to agriculture, mining and oil production, and industry?

A

95% to 98%

36
Q

a solid waste or combination of solid wastes that is dangerous to human health or the environment that requires special management and disposal

A

HAZARDOUS WASTE

37
Q

a living organism, usually an insect or other arthropod that can transmit a communicable disease agent to a susceptible host (e.g., a mosquito or tick)

A

VECTOR

38
Q

an occurrence of an unexpectedly large number of cases of disease caused by an agent transmitted by insects or other arthropods.

A

Vectorborne disease outbreak (VBDO)

39
Q

a naturally occurring phenomenon or event that produces or releases energy in amounts that exceed human endurance, causing injury, disease, or death (such as radiation, earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, hurricanes, tornados, and floods)

A

NATURAL HAZARD

40
Q

a natural hazard that results in substantial loss of life or property

A

Natural disaster

41
Q

a process in which energy is emitted as particles or waves

A

Radiation

42
Q

high-energy radiation that can knock an electron out of orbit, creating an ion, and can thereby damage living cells and tissues (UV radiation, gamma rays, X-rays, alpha and beta particles)

A

Ionizing radiation

43
Q

radiant energy with wavelengths of 0 to 400 nanometers.

A

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation

44
Q
  1. Can be attributed to three factors—birth rate, death rate, and migration
  2. When the birth rate and death rate are equal, population growth is zero
  3. When the birth rate exceeds the death rate, the population size increases
  4. Increases in population size and per capita consumption result in an ever-increasing environmental impact.
A

Population Growth

45
Q

The maximum impact that can be supported by available resources (air, water, shelter, etc.)

A

Carrying capacity

46
Q
  • High birth rate
  • Rapid fall in each upward age group due to high death rates
  • Short life expectancy
A

EXPANSIVE PYRAMID

47
Q
  • High birth rate
  • Fall in death rate as more living in middle age
  • Slightly longer life expectancy
A

EXPANSIVE PYRAMID

48
Q
  • Declining birth rate
  • Low death rate
  • More people living to old age
A

STATIONARY PYRAMID

49
Q
  • Low birth rate
  • Low death rate
  • HIgher dependency ratio
  • Longer life expectancy
A

CONSTRICTING PYRAMID

50
Q
  • Birth rate below death rate
  • Population declining
  • Increasing old age dependency
  • Pyramid is Top-heavy
A

CONSTRICTING PYRAMID

51
Q
  • bruises
  • cuts
  • abrasions
  • minor burns
A

MINOR INJURIES

52
Q
  • amputations
  • fractures
  • severe lacerations
  • eye losses
  • acute poisonings
  • sever burns
A

MAJOR INJURIES

53
Q

Four fundamental tasks for Prevention and Control of Unintentional Injuries in the Workplace

A
  1. Anticipation
  2. Recognition
  3. Evaluation
  4. Control
54
Q
  • involves the foresight to envision future adverse events and take action to prevent them.
  • A hazard inventory should be conducted to detect and record physical, ergonomic, chemical, biological, and psychological hazards in the workplace
A

ANTICIPATION

55
Q
  • involves surveillance and monitoring of the workforce for injuries and illnesses, including near misses.
  • It includes inspections of the workplace for hazards, monitoring it for toxins, recording injuries, and conducting employee health screenings
A

RECOGNITION

56
Q
  • is the assessment of the data that were collected during the recognition and monitoring activities.
  • This includes toxicological, exposure, and clinical assessment as well as risk assessment.
  • Epidemiology is part of the evaluation process. Risk assessment enables the translation of scientific information about hazards into decisions and policies that can improve workplace safety and health
A

EVALUATION

57
Q

may involve changes in the production process to make it safer, changes in the work environment to make it safer, or improvements in the use of personal protective equipment or apparel to protect individual workers

A

CONTROL

58
Q

Categories of Workplace Violence

  • The perpetrator has no legitimate relationship to the business or its employees and is usually committing a crime.
  • This category makes up 85% of the work-related homicides.

Ex. robbery, shoplifting, and trespassing.

A

Criminal intent (Type I)

59
Q

Categories of Workplace Violence

  • The perpetrator has a legitimate relationship with the business and becomes violent while being served.
  • This category includes customers, clients, patients, students, and inmates.
  • This category represents 3% of the work-related homicides
A

Customer/client (Type II)

60
Q

Categories of Workplace Violence

  • The perpetrator is an employee or past employee of the business who attacks or threatens another employee or past employee of the workplace.
  • Worker-on-worker violence accounts for 7% of workplace homicides.
A

Worker-on-worker (Type III)

61
Q

Categories of Workplace Violence

  • The perpetrator usually does not have a relationship with the business but has a personal relationship with the intended victim.
  • This category, which includes victims of domestic violence assaulted or threatened at work, makes up just 2% of workplace homicides.
A

Personal relationship (Type IV)

62
Q

THREE PREVENTION STRATEGIES::

A
  1. Environmental designs
  2. Administrative controls
  3. Behavior strategies
63
Q

to limit the risk of workplace violence might include implementing safer cash handling procedures, physically separating workers from customers, improving lighting, and installing better security systems at entrances and exits

A

ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGNS

64
Q

include staffing policies (having more staff is generally safer than having fewer staff ), procedures for opening and closing the workplace, and reviewing employee duties (such as handling money) that may be especially risky

A

ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS

65
Q

include training employees in nonviolent response and conflict resolution and educating employees about risks associated with specific duties and about the importance of reporting incidents and adhering to administrative controls

A

BEHAVIOR STRATEGIES

66
Q
  • Most frequently reported occupational disorders
  • They include both acute and chronic injury to muscles, tendons, ligaments, nerves, joints, bones, and supporting vasculature

carpal tunnel syndrome and noise-induced hearing loss

A

Musculoskeletal Disorders

67
Q

includes allergic and irritant dermatitis, eczema, rash, oil acne, chrome ulcers, and chemical burns

A

Skin Diseases and Disorders

68
Q

is another form of repeated trauma. Most of the cases were reported within manufacturing; within the manufacturing sector, 51% of the cases were associated with manufacturing.

A

Noise-Induced Hearing Loss

69
Q

the result of the inhalation of toxic substances present in the workplace

A

Occupational respiratory disorders

70
Q

Most common occupational respiratory disorder

A

Work-related asthma (WRA)

71
Q
  • a fibrotic lung disease caused by the inhalation of dusts, especially mineral dusts.

Types: coal workers’ pneumoconiosis (black lung pneumoconiosis)

A

Pneumoconiosis

72
Q

an acute or chronic lung disease caused by the deposition of asbestos fibers on lungs

A

Asbestosis

73
Q

an acute or chronic lung disease caused by the inhalation of free crystalline silica

A

Silicosis

74
Q

an acute or chronic lung disease caused by the inhalation of cotton, flax, or hemp dusts (brown lung disease)

A

Byssinosis

Community and Public Health (8 decks)

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