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2801 FINAL > Week 8 Design 4 Qualitative Studies > Flashcards

Week 8 Design 4 Qualitative Studies Flashcards

1
Q

Week 8
Design 4 Qualitative Studies

A
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2
Q

Quantitative research

A

uses structured, hypothesis-driven approaches to gather data that can be statistically analyzed
-Numbers-focused
ØTesting existing hypotheses

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3
Q

Qualitative research

A

uses in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, participant observation, and other unstructured or semi-structured methods to explore attitudes and perceptions, identify themes and patterns
ØQuestions: Why? How?
ØTo formulate new theories

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4
Q

Focus on a Phenomenon
The central concept a qualitative study wants to explore
PICS

P 🔍
I🚭
C🩺
S🗣

A

ØPerception of health and illness
ØImprove health promotion programs
ØClinical processes (best care plan)
ØSocial change that may improve health

ØWhy they adopt a health-related behaviors
ØHow they make health-related decisions

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5
Q

Phenomena ______ be directly measured
Ø

A

cannot
ØResearchers must be cautious of the ways their own thoughts, experiences, biases, and assumptions shape the design and interpretation of their research studies

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6
Q

What are the 3 Philosophical Orientations?
MOE

A

1) Methodology
Approach to data collection and analysis
2) Ontology
Nature of reality (realism to realism to relativism; objectivity to subjectivity)
2) Epistemology
Nature and definition of knowledge and truth (positivism vs, interpretivism vs. critical theory)

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6
Q

What are the 3 Philosophical Orientations?
MOE

A

1) Methodology
Approach to data collection and analysis
2) Ontology
Nature of reality (realism to realism to relativism; objectivity to subjectivity)
2) Epistemology
Nature and definition of knowledge and truth (positivism vs, interpretivism vs. critical theory)

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7
Q

1) Ontology

A

ØRealism in quantitative studies (one reality exists that can be understood by objective observation) vs. relativism (there are multiple realities that cannot be fully understood)
Ø Realities are subjectivity: different interpretations based on an evaluator’s beliefs, perceptions, and feelings
ØA subject imposes meaning on an object
Ø Qualitative study typically seek to understand subjective aspects of human existence

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8
Q

2) Epistemology

A

ØQuantitative study: researchers are independent from their study subjects and that researchers can control for possible biases in order to make objective measurements
ØQualitative study: researchers and study participants are interdependent, and they create knowledge together as they interactively explore subjective topics

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9
Q

3)Axiology:

A

The study of values
ØQuantitative study: assumes rigorous procedures can control the impact of values and biases on study outcomes
ØQualitative researchers assume that a researcher’s values affect the study

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10
Q

Theoretical Paradigms
NAME THE FOUR AND WHICH ONES ARE QUALITATIVE

A

-Positivism(mostly quantitative)

-Constructivism/Interpretivism
-critical theory
-pragmatism (mixed methods
(Qualitative research)

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11
Q

What are the Qualitative Research Planning?
How many steps

A

5
O,E,T,M,M
Ontology->Epistemology->Theoretical paradigm->Methodology->Methods

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12
Q

Philosophical orientations should align with the goals of the study and the selected theoretical paradigm

A

-Methodologies in the health sciences: phenomenology, grounded theory, ethnography, case studies
Qualitative Study Designs

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13
Q

Phenomenology

A

ØExploring how individuals interpret and find meaning in their own unique life experiences and feelings
ØThe perspective of the participants
ØMethod: In-depth interviews, examining transcripts to identify meanings and themes
ØResearchers may put aside preconceived ideas about reality in order to be open to new meanings that might be expressed by participants (Bracketing)

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14
Q

What is an example of Phenomenology?

A
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15
Q

A grounded theory

A

ØAn inductive reasoning process
ØUse of observations to develop general theories that explain phenomena
ØSimultaneous data collection and data analysis
ØNo predetermined sampling strategy
ØData collection continues until data saturation (reaching the theory)

Theoretical sampling

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16
Q

Ethnography

A

ØSystematic study of people and cultures in their natural environments
ØAn anthropological approach to develop an insider’s view of the way members of a sociocultural group understand their world
ØEthnographers often use participant observation methods to understand a group’s collective experiences, values, beliefs, and behaviours

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17
Q

Case study (do not confuse with case report/series)

A

Use of multiple data sources to examine and understand ONE person, group, or event in detail
-Historic records
-Interviews
-Observations
Sometimes before preparing a case report or a case series (Week 5)

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18
Q

What are Mixed Method Studies?

A

Elements of BOTH quantitative and qualitative methods in one single study
-Parallel collection of quantitative and qualitative data and then compare the results and interpret them
ØSequential collection of data
ØSome qualitative studies are embedded within a quantitative study

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19
Q

Collecting Qualitative Data
The Main Issue
C
H
H
B
-k

A

-Close engagement of researchers with participants
Hard to remain objective
High chance of bias
Both a methodological and an ethical issue
-key is TRANSPARENCY

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20
Q

In-depth Interview

A

Long (1 or 2) hours interviewing a key informant using open-ended questions

21
Q

Semi-structured:

A

a list of open-ended questions as starting points for eliciting responses from participants

22
Q

Techniques what are the two?

A

Probing
Observing and recording

23
Q

-Probing:

A

prompting interviewees to provide a more complete or specific response

24
Q

-Observing and recording:

A

body language, other nonverbal communications

25
Q

Focus Group

A

-Small number of people (8 to 10 individuals with similar backgrounds, experiences, or perspectives) participating for 1 or 2 hours in a MODERATED discussion
-The facilitator poses questions to the group, keeps the conversation FOCUSED on the core discussion items and moving forward at an appropriate pace
-Participants are encouraged to interact with one another
-Richer responses and clearer opinions
The moderator ensures that everyone has an opportunity to speak and that no one dominates the conversation
-Usually are audio- or video-recorded so that complete transcripts can be created

26
Q

OBSERVATIONAL METHODS

A

Systematic observations of human actions and interactions

27
Q

What are the four observation methods?
FNCP(fuck north campus police)

A
  1. Field notes
  2. Naturalistic observation
  3. Controlled observation
  4. Participant-observation
28
Q

OBSERVATIONAL METHODS
Systematic observations of human actions and interactions
1.Field notes:

A

observation records, interview transcripts, and other documents compiled during the qualitative research process

29
Q

OBSERVATIONAL METHODS
Systematic observations of human actions and interactions
2.Naturalistic observation:

A

the researcher discreetly observes study subjects in a natural setting, typically without the knowledge of the subjects (covert)

30
Q

OBSERVATIONAL METHODS
Systematic observations of human actions and interactions

3.Controlled observation:

A

study participants are observed in a laboratory setting and know that they are being observed (overt)

31
Q

OBSERVATIONAL METHODS
Systematic observations of human actions and interactions
4. Participant–observation:

A

a trained investigator seeks to understand a community by engaging with its members and immersing in its practices

32
Q

Analyzing Qualitative Data
Approach:
IFLQ (I fucking love Qatar)

A

-Is inductive: making inferences (identifying patterns, developing theory) based on observations
-Flexible and can be in a cycle
- Linear: data collection»analysis»interpretation»reporting
-Quantitative studies is deductive: making logical inferences based on facts or widely-accepted premises (testing theories)

33
Q

What are the 3 Analytic Frameworks?

A

1.Content Analysis
2.Constant Comparison
3. Narrative and Discourse Analyses

34
Q

Analytic Frameworks: 1) Content Analysis

A

The process of categorizing textual data
1)Systematic coding the text using labels and categories derived from the text or from existing theories or previous research findings
2)Determining which codes occur most often, and then identification of the most prominent patterns and themes in the text
●
Which study design uses this analytic framework more?

35
Q

Analytic Frameworks: 2) Constant Comparison
​​

A

A process of collecting data, transcribing interviews, assigning initial codes, identifying categories, identifying themes, and developing a theory
ØMay include several cycles of data collection, analysis, and additional data collection and analysis
*
*Which study design uses this analytic framework more?

36
Q

Analytic Frameworks: 3) Narrative and Discourse Analyses

A

Narrative analysis seeks to understand personal stories
ØContent of stories, the structure of stories, the themes of stories, or the communication goals of stories
ØPostmodernism, feminism, or other established philosophies may be applied to help with the interpretation of the stories
Discourse analysis uses the tools of linguistics to evaluate the ordinary use of written and spoken language—that is, natural language use
Not common analytic strategies in health research

37
Q

Process Coding

A
38
Q

Coding (indexing)

A

is the use of words or short phrases to briefly summarize the contents, attitudes, processes, or other aspects of each item in a transcript or other qualitative document

39
Q

ØCode:

A

a label attached to a word or phrase

40
Q

Goal of coding:

A

descriptions of participant characteristics, emotions, values, evaluations, judgments, processes, or actions

41
Q

Process Categorizing

A

flexible not necessarily linear

42
Q

Grouping related codes into ________
-To identify …..TLB

A

Grouping related codes into categories
-To identify trends and patterns
- look for relationships between codes,
-begin to understand multiple layers of meaning

43
Q

Process Themes

A
44
Q

Synthesizing the categories in order to identify the ______, ________, and _______ that answer the study question
-A theme is a concept that encompasses…..

A

Synthesizing the categories in order to identify the concepts, meanings, and THEMES that answer the study question
ØA theme is a concept that encompasses one or several categories

45
Q

Questions about Mental Wellbeing

A
46
Q

Process Theories

A
47
Q

A theory is a construct that provides a ______ explanation about a phenomenon
ØFor some studies, a ____ level of coding generates a new theory about the phenomenon

A

A theory is a construct that provides a systematic explanation about a phenomenon
ØFor some studies, a 4th level of coding generates a new theory about the phenomenon

48
Q

Chart

A
49
Q

5 Phases

A

2801 FINAL (5 decks)

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