week 8 biomolecules 1 Flashcards
Biomolecule
molecule produced by a living organism
- proteins, lipids, polysaccharides, nucleic acids. Primary metabolites, secondary metabolites, and natural products.
Nucleotide
Phosphate + Sugar + nitrogenous base
Nucleoside
? (No phosphate) + sugar + nitrogenous base
DNA
Deoxyribose
Double-stranded, stable and encodes genome
RNA
Ribonuleotides, ribonucleic acid, ribose sugar
Single-stranded, easily destroyed. molecular messenger
mRNA
messenger
carries protein information from DNA to cytoplasm
tRNA
transfer
link between mRNA and amino acid chain
rRNA
ribosomal
Direct catalytic steps of protein synthesis
Nucleotides in Disease and Medicine
An imbalance can result in disease.
can feed cancer cells nucleotides to selectively kill.
Genome
complete set of genetic material encoded by nuclear DNA
DNA Components
Exons
ORF
Promoters
Introns
ORF
Open Reading Frame encodes for the protein
Promoters
Turn on the protein sequence (from an ORF)
Introns
Non-coding control elements in eukaryotic genomes
Exons
Coding sections of DNA
Amino Acid Chirality
Arrangement of atoms in an amino acid molecule around the Alpha Carbon
L Chirality configuration
CORN clockwise (most naturally occurring)
D Chiraltiy Configuration
does not follow the CORN (clockwise) rule
Non-Polar Amino Acids
Hydrophobic interactions
Side chains do not have electromagnetic atoms
(no oxygen)
Polar Amino Acids
Hydrogen bond donors and acceptors. can interact with hydrogen and water.
Functional groups OH, N, O Carbonal
Aromatic
Benzene ring in side chain
Hydrophobic
Positive and Negative charged amino acids
positive basic
negative acidic
Zwitterion
Electrically neutral bearing no charge
Neg - Carboxylate
Pos - Ammonium
Peptides
Chain of Amino Acids
Created through dehydration
