week 8 and 9 - mating system and nervous system

Question 1

polygyny

Answer 1

one male has multiple mates
- high variance in male repro success
-low variance in female repro success

Question 2

polyandry

Answer 2

one female bonds with multiple males
-low variance in male repro success
-high variance in female repro success

Question 3

monogamy

Answer 3

one female bonds with one male
-low variance in both female and males
-low number of mates each

Question 4

how is sexual dimorphism a good predictor of mating systems?

Answer 4

if there is a lot of one trait it shows that the opposite sex had specific mate choice, etc.

Question 5

what does sexual selection lead to

Answer 5

evolutionary dimorphism; when females pick males for certain traits, there will be more of that trait displayed

Question 6

two body systems for responding to stimuli and coordinating information

Answer 6

1. hormones
2. neurons

Question 7

main idea of a neuron

Answer 7

1. get the information
2. analyze the information
3. act on it

Question 8

three types of neurons

Answer 8

1. sensory
2. motor
3. interneurons

Question 9

what is a proximate cause for behavior?

Answer 9

the hormone or nervous system

Question 10

2 parts of the nervous system

Answer 10

central nervous system
- brain and spinal cord

peripheral nervous system
- sensory and motor nerves projecting to and from spinal cord and brain

Question 11

neuron

Answer 11

basic unit of the nervous system
- do not replace themselves
- characterized by semi permeable cell membranes that are ionically polarized in relation to extracellular fluid

Question 12

neuron parts

Answer 12

1. soma
2. dendrite
3. axon
4. myelin sheath
5. axon terminal buttons
6. nerves

Question 13

soma (cell body)

Answer 13

contains nucleus, genetic material, and all metabolic organelles of the cell

Question 14

dendrite

Answer 14

-stringy things that come out of the neuron
- tree shaped process which receive inputs from other axons and transmits signal to the cell body

Question 15

axon

Answer 15

carries outgoing impulses from the cell body to the axon terminal button and to other neurons (can be very long)

Question 16

myelin sheath

Answer 16

thing thats wrapped around the axon

Question 17

how are neurons able to communicate with each other?

Answer 17

via the synaptic cleft

Question 18

action potential threshold

Answer 18

• basically the even level
• (-55) volts

Question 19

action potential

Answer 19

electrical process that is an all or nothing event

Question 20

what type of process is the hormone pathway?

Answer 20

a chemical process

Question 21

synaptic cleft

Answer 21

intercellular space between neurons (axon terminal button of first neuron to the dendrites or cell body of the second neuron)
- at the synapse we go from electrical in action potential to chemical when it reaches the axon terminal

Question 22

axon terminal

Answer 22

vesicles that contain neurotransmitters (chemical messengers

Question 23

what do neurotransmitters do?

Answer 23

allow impulses to be passed from neuron to neuron, but in one direction
-some increase the chance that the next cell will fire, some decrease it (important site for modulation)

Question 24

modulation

Answer 24

nervous activity is regulated by way of controlling the physiological levels of several classes of neurotransmitters

Question 25

glial cells

Answer 25

basically the support staff for neurons -outnumber neurons -insulate neurons with myelin -induce tight junctions between neurons -provide nutrients to neurons

Question 26

how the nervous system works in steps

Answer 26

1. signal that initiates action potentials in response to stimuli (sound, sight, smell, etc.) 2. travels from dendrite down to the axon 3. synapses with another cell -muscle, gland or other neuron that causes a repsonse 4. sensory information comes in, and then it gets processed out so you aren't overwhelmed by it

Question 27

what are neurons specialized for?

Answer 27

receiving electrical and chemical information via dendrites and transmitting it via axons

Question 28

why does NA+ and K+ have a plus next to them?

Answer 28

because they are in a charged states

Question 29

membrane potential

Answer 29

the difference in the change between neurons outside and inside of the cell

Question 30

5 stages of action potential

Answer 30

1. resting state 2. depolarization 3. repolarization 4. undershoot 5. return to resting state

Question 31

resting state

Answer 31

membrane potential is pretty even, and neuron is resting -NA and K doors are closed - some leakage into the membrane

Question 32

depolarization state

Answer 32

sodium channels open and NA rushes in -cell becomes more and more positive, cell is now firing

Question 33

repolarization state

Answer 33

NA channels are closed and K channels open -way more in the cell than out of the cell, so K rushes out -can become negative after this

Question 34

undershoot state

Answer 34

K channels are soon to close but not faster than K rushing out -cell gets too negative

Question 35

return to resting state

Answer 35

NA and K channels close again K is pumped in and NA is pumped out

Question 36

typical synapse functioning (stages)

Answer 36

1. action potential arrives at the terminal button 2. calcium channels open and calcium rushes in 3. vesicles fuse with terminal button membrane 4. neurotransmitter dumped into the synapse 5. neurotransmitter binds with post - synaptic receptors, caused by muscle contraction or action potential OR 6. re-uptake/enzymatic breakdown of neurotransmitters

Question 37

what is botox?

Answer 37

substance that gets into terminal button at muscle synapses where it has wrinkles and contracts -breaks down a protein called SNAP 25 and prevents the releases of acetylcholine (paralyzes the muscles)

Question 38

effects of LSD

Answer 38

binds to serotonin receptors, increasing their sensitivity -same amount of serotonin released, you get more serotonin stimulated

Question 39

effects of crystal meth

Answer 39

stimulates dopamine and serotonin release -causes people to feel intense, euphoric high

Question 40

effects of oxycontin

Answer 40

mimics opium like neurotransmitters into pain neurons, which block functions -deactivates pain receptors

Question 41

effects of ecstasy

Answer 41

increases serotonin production and blocks serotonin re - upatke -permenantly damages serotonin producing cells in cerebral cortex (used in learning) and hippocampus (used for memory)

Question 42

effects of adderall

Answer 42

increases the release of adrenaline and dopamine and blocks reuptake of adrenaline, dopamine and serotonin -basically more adrenaline and dopamine

Question 43

4 ways that alcohol affects us

Answer 43

1. reduced anxiety -release of GABA calms you down -alcohol mimics GBA which enhances efficiency 2. causes people to feel stimulated and energized -blocks pain messages 3. lowers feelings of depression -glutamate is an excitatory neurotransmitter, and alcohol blocks receptor -ex. slurred speech, slower reaction time

Question 44

metabolic pathway of consuming alcohol

Answer 44

1. ethanol - ripping of hydrogen from the molecule 2. acetaldehyde - ripping off aldhyde dehydrogenase 3. acetic acid - can secrete this out

Question 45

risk taking gene and examples

Answer 45

DRD4 dopamine receptor gene -long version of the gene creates reduced sensitivity dopamine receptor - risk taking and novelty seeking stimulate dopamine release and pleasure center activity EX. in study of financial decision making in stock traders, pleasure center activation preceded risky choices and anterior insula activation preceded riskless choices

Question 46

example of risk taking

Answer 46

eating spicy food can cause large dopamine release -6x as much dopamine release as you would eating normal food

Question 47

what makes action potential all or nothing?

Answer 47

its all or nothing in the membrane potential that travels down the axon

Question 48

what is the hippocampus for?

Answer 48

large amount of knowledge accumulated -gets bigger with the more knowledge you acquire

Question 49

what is the cerebrum for?

Answer 49

learning and memory