week 2 - evolution and natural selection

Question 1

what is an evolutionary successful organism?

Answer 1

an organism with greater reproductive success than others in the population

Question 2

what three things are measured when assessing fitness?

Answer 2

1. fitness relative to other genotypes or phenotypes in the population
2. in a specific environment
3. reproductive success

Question 3

fitness

Answer 3

the relative reproductive success of a phenotype of a genotype
-alleles that confer the highest fitness on the individuals carrying them will increase their success overtime

Question 4

mutation in terms of rs and alleles

Answer 4

effects on mortality rate or rs are almost always negative or neutral

Question 5

gene flow in regards to alleles

Answer 5

within a population some individuals arrive or leave, thus changing the overall allele frequencies

Question 6

genetic drift

Answer 6

random change in allele frequencies

Question 7

natural selection in regards to alleles

Answer 7

non random elimination of alleles

Question 8

phenotype

Answer 8

the observable qualities of an organism (behavior, ex.)

Question 9

genotype

Answer 9

the internal state of hereditary factors

Question 10

how could a genetic determinist predict a norm of reaction to look like?

Answer 10

if you know the genotype, you know what the phenotype is going to be regardless of the environment

Question 11

who is gregor mendel and what did he do?

Answer 11

1. created the law of segregation
2. punnett squares
3. dihybrid crosses
4. pedigrees

Question 12

mendels law of segragation

Answer 12

1. a gamete receives one allele from the pair of alleles possessed by an organism

Question 13

haploid

Answer 13

one copy of a chromosome

Question 14

diploid

Answer 14

two copies of a chromosome (at fertilization)

Question 15

how to discover genotype of a dominant phenotype

Answer 15

make a test cross where you are most likely given one parent but then decide the other by testing

Question 16

homozygous

Answer 16

having two identical alles of a particular gene or genes

Question 17

heterozygous

Answer 17

having two different alleles of a particular gene or genes

Question 18

how are genes sex linked?

Answer 18

if they are on the x chromosome

Question 19

a female chromosome is…

Answer 19

homozygous (XX)

Question 20

a male chromosome is…

Answer 20

heterozygous (XY)

Question 21

organisms genome

Answer 21

all of its genetic material

Question 22

human genome

Answer 22

46 chromosome arranged in 23 homologous pairs
-2 copies of every chromosome

Question 23

chromosome

Answer 23

linear strand of dna

Question 24

homologous pairs

Answer 24

chromosomes that carry the same genes or instructions
-ex. six chromosomes in a cell, but only three homologous pairs

Question 25

karyotype

Answer 25

picture of all of the chromosomes in the cell

Question 26

what does heritability of a trait mean?

Answer 26

means that a person looks a lot like their parents because they have half of their genes

Question 27

evolutionary fitness

Answer 27

the relative reproductive success of one genotype compared to another

Question 28

evolutionary mismatch

Answer 28

when individuals are in a different environment to the one in which you are adapted

Question 29

how do dominant and recessive alleles differ?

Answer 29

dominant alleles mask the effect of the recessive allele, doesnt mean that it is less though

Question 30

which conditions are sex linked recessive traits?

Answer 30

hemophilia and color blindeness

Question 31

practice a pedigree

Question 32

practice a punnett square

Question 33

practice a dihybrid cross

Question 34

three important components to an organisms fitness

Answer 34

1. ability to find an equally fit mate 2. physical environment and if individual can survive there 3. ability to produce viable offspring