Week 8 & 9

Question 1

What are the risk factors for foodborne disease outbreaks?

Answer 1

-improper refrigeration, heated or cooked foods, poor hygiene, lag btwn serving and prepping food, cross contamination

Question 2

What is salmonellosis?

Answer 2

Caused by bacteria that Live in the intestinal tracts of humans and animals; associated with poultry, meat & eggs

Question 3

What are the effects of salmonellosis?

Answer 3

Diarrhea, abdominal pain, vomiting

Question 4

E. coli O157:H7

Answer 4

Infection is most often linked with undercooked beef or unpasteurized milk

Question 5

What are the effects of E.coli?

Answer 5

-Hemorrhagic colitis (bloody stools)
-Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)

Question 6

Listeriosis

Answer 6

bacterium found in soil & water; associated with milk, cheese, meats and veggies; high fatality rate

Question 7

What are the two main supplies of water?

Answer 7

Surface & groundwater

Question 8

What is HAACP?

Answer 8

Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) Food Safety System; they conduct a hazard analysis

Question 9

What happened in Walkerton, Ontario?

Answer 9

Worst public health crisis from water contamination in Canadian history. The town’s water supply was contaminated with Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7. Seven people died and over 2,300 (roughly half the town’s population) became ill

Question 10

What does it mean when we say that “chlorine leaves a residual”?

Answer 10

A small amount of chlorine is intentionally added to (or left in) the water after disinfection. The residual is desirable because it reduces the likelihood of water contamination during distribution leading to waterborne illness.

Question 11

What is the 1993 Cryptosporidium outbreak in Milwaukee?

Answer 11

Cryptosporidium in untreated water was not properly removed in the coagulation and filtration process, affecting 400,000 ppl

Question 12

Coagulation

Answer 12

Removes dirt and other particles suspended in water

Question 13

Sedimentation

Answer 13

Heavy particles settle to the bottom and clear water moves on to get filtered

Question 14

Filtration

Answer 14

Water passes through filters to remove smaller particles

Question 15

Disinfection

Answer 15

A small amount of chlorine is added to kill any bacteria or microorganisms in the water

Question 16

What are coliforms?

Answer 16

bacteria present in the intestines of warm-blooded animals, including humans. it presence may indicate fecal contamination

Question 17

What are the Millennium Development Goals?

Answer 17

Target 7C: Halve, by 2015, the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation

Question 18

Municipal Wastewater Treatment: Primary

Answer 18

Removal of debris and solids by screening and settling

Question 19

Municipal Wastewater Treatment: Secondary

Answer 19

Use of biological processes to break down organic material and remove additional suspended solids

Question 20

Municipal Wastewater Treatment: Tertiary

Answer 20

Most effective; Advanced treatment that uses additional filtering to remove specific compounds that remain after secondary treatment

Question 21

Define “leachate.”

Answer 21

Water passes through waste and accumulates waste products (e.g. metals)

Question 22

Describe some of the environmental and health concerns associated with e-waste recycling in low- and middle-income countries.

Answer 22

E-waste contains hazardous components including brominated flame retardants and mercury

Question 23

What happened in Warren County, North Carolina?

Answer 23

protesting residents (predominantly African Americans) as the government of NC wanted to transport PCB-contaminated soil to their community. They found that much of the waste/landfill was distributed in predominantly poor African American and Hispanic or POC communities

Question 24

Discuss the importance of the workplace as a source of exposure to health risks.

Answer 24

Potential for high exposures and wide range of possible exposure to chemicals or substances that are uncommon outside of occupational settings

Question 25

List some of the advantages of conducting research in workplaces and on workers.

Answer 25

-Large number of ppl working, easy to identify populations with exposures
-Duration of exposure can be easily assessed
-Jobs make exposure assessment easier

Question 26

What is pneumoconioses?

Answer 26

Group of diseases in which particles accumulate in the lungs (asbestosis)

Question 27

List the major health concerns associated with exposure to asbestos.

Answer 27

Abestoes is IARC group 1, a known carcinogen (mesothelioma, lung cancer, asbestosis)

Question 28

Describe Canada’s history in the asbestos trade relative to our knowledge about the hazard.

Answer 28

Canada was aware of the health effects of asbestos but continued to sell it to other countries

Question 29

What is a threshold shift?

Answer 29

Refers to the quietest sounds an individual can hear

Question 30

What is “A-weighting” and why do we use it?

Answer 30

A-weighting allows us to express noise levels in a way that captures both loudness and frequency and provides a better indication of the risk of noise-induced hearing loss than loudness alone.

Question 31

What is the purpose of the “exchange rate” in occupational noise standards?

Answer 31

The exchange rate represents the “tradeoff” between loudness and exposure duration. As noise gets louder, we want workers to be exposed for shorter durations.

Question 32

What is the dBA level a worker can be exposed to for eight hours in BC?

Answer 32

85 dBA