Week 8 & 9 Flashcards
What are the risk factors for foodborne disease outbreaks?
-improper refrigeration, heated or cooked foods, poor hygiene, lag btwn serving and prepping food, cross contamination
What is salmonellosis?
Caused by bacteria that Live in the intestinal tracts of humans and animals; associated with poultry, meat & eggs
What are the effects of salmonellosis?
Diarrhea, abdominal pain, vomiting
E. coli O157:H7
Infection is most often linked with undercooked beef or unpasteurized milk
What are the effects of E.coli?
-Hemorrhagic colitis (bloody stools)
-Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)
Listeriosis
bacterium found in soil & water; associated with milk, cheese, meats and veggies; high fatality rate
What are the two main supplies of water?
Surface & groundwater
What is HAACP?
Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) Food Safety System; they conduct a hazard analysis
What happened in Walkerton, Ontario?
Worst public health crisis from water contamination in Canadian history. The town’s water supply was contaminated with Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7. Seven people died and over 2,300 (roughly half the town’s population) became ill
What does it mean when we say that “chlorine leaves a residual”?
A small amount of chlorine is intentionally added to (or left in) the water after disinfection. The residual is desirable because it reduces the likelihood of water contamination during distribution leading to waterborne illness.
What is the 1993 Cryptosporidium outbreak in Milwaukee?
Cryptosporidium in untreated water was not properly removed in the coagulation and filtration process, affecting 400,000 ppl
Coagulation
Removes dirt and other particles suspended in water
Sedimentation
Heavy particles settle to the bottom and clear water moves on to get filtered
Filtration
Water passes through filters to remove smaller particles
Disinfection
A small amount of chlorine is added to kill any bacteria or microorganisms in the water
What are coliforms?
bacteria present in the intestines of warm-blooded animals, including humans. it presence may indicate fecal contamination
What are the Millennium Development Goals?
Target 7C: Halve, by 2015, the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation
Municipal Wastewater Treatment: Primary
Removal of debris and solids by screening and settling
Municipal Wastewater Treatment: Secondary
Use of biological processes to break down organic material and remove additional suspended solids
Municipal Wastewater Treatment: Tertiary
Most effective; Advanced treatment that uses additional filtering to remove specific compounds that remain after secondary treatment
Define “leachate.”
Water passes through waste and accumulates waste products (e.g. metals)
Describe some of the environmental and health concerns associated with e-waste recycling in low- and middle-income countries.
E-waste contains hazardous components including brominated flame retardants and mercury
What happened in Warren County, North Carolina?
protesting residents (predominantly African Americans) as the government of NC wanted to transport PCB-contaminated soil to their community. They found that much of the waste/landfill was distributed in predominantly poor African American and Hispanic or POC communities
Discuss the importance of the workplace as a source of exposure to health risks.
Potential for high exposures and wide range of possible exposure to chemicals or substances that are uncommon outside of occupational settings
List some of the advantages of conducting research in workplaces and on workers.
-Large number of ppl working, easy to identify populations with exposures
-Duration of exposure can be easily assessed
-Jobs make exposure assessment easier
What is pneumoconioses?
Group of diseases in which particles accumulate in the lungs (asbestosis)
List the major health concerns associated with exposure to asbestos.
Abestoes is IARC group 1, a known carcinogen (mesothelioma, lung cancer, asbestosis)
Describe Canada’s history in the asbestos trade relative to our knowledge about the hazard.
Canada was aware of the health effects of asbestos but continued to sell it to other countries
What is a threshold shift?
Refers to the quietest sounds an individual can hear
What is “A-weighting” and why do we use it?
A-weighting allows us to express noise levels in a way that captures both loudness and frequency and provides a better indication of the risk of noise-induced hearing loss than loudness alone.
What is the purpose of the “exchange rate” in occupational noise standards?
The exchange rate represents the “tradeoff” between loudness and exposure duration. As noise gets louder, we want workers to be exposed for shorter durations.
What is the dBA level a worker can be exposed to for eight hours in BC?
85 dBA
