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HSCI 204 > Week 2-3 > Flashcards

Week 2-3 Flashcards

1
Q

Environmental Health

A

Aspects of human health (quality of life) that are determined by physical, chemical, biological, social, and psychosocial factors in the environment

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2
Q

Disability-adjusted life years (DALY)

A

Estimation of total numbers of years lost due to specific causes and risk factors at the country, regional and global levels

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3
Q

Years of life lost (YLL)

A

years lost due to premature mortality

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4
Q

Years lived with disability (YDL)

A

years lived in less-than-ideal health

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5
Q

Global Burden of Disease (GBD)

A

quantifies health loss from hundreds of diseases, injuries, and risk factors, so that health systems can be improved and disparities can be eliminated

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6
Q

Limitations of GBD

A
  1. Exposure-outcome pairs not included
  2. Uncertainties in exposure assessments and concentration-response relationships
  3. Categorizing or dichotomizing a health continuum
  4. Disability weights
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7
Q

Population attributable fraction

A

Amount of disease/death avoided in the population if exposure was removed

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8
Q

Exposure-response relationship

A

How does health risk change as exposure changes?

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9
Q

Prevention Paradox

A

a large number of people at a small risk may give rise to more cases of disease than the small number who are at a high risk

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10
Q

ROSE idea 1

A

Subtle shifts in risks can have a substantial impact on health.

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11
Q

ROSE idea 2

A

A large number of people at a small risk give rise to more cases of disease than the small number who are at a high risk (PREVENTION PARADOX)

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12
Q

ROSE ideal 3

A

There is no known biological reason why every population should not be as healthy as the best

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13
Q

Precautionary principle

A

precautionary measures should be taken even if a cause-and-effect relationship is not fully established scientifically

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14
Q

Acute

A

Short-term “bursts” of exposure (hours to days)
higher concentration and (maybe) immediate symptoms

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15
Q

Chronic

A

Longer-term periods of exposure (years to lifetime)
Lower concentration, longer latency period

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16
Q

Exposure route

A

the way a substance enters the body

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17
Q

Three routes of exposure?

A

Dermal, inhalation and ingestion ((also mother-fetus transmission)

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18
Q

Human barriers to environment

A

GI tract, Respiratory tract, skin

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19
Q

Exposure pathway

A

The physical course a pollutant takes from the source to the subject: Emission > movement of emission > exposure > dose > effect

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20
Q

Three Key Ideas in Exposure Assessment

A
  1. Concentrations vary in time
  2. Concentrations vary from place to place
  3. People move around
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21
Q

Direct exposure assessment

A

Personal measurements,
biomarkers

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22
Q

Tradeoffs of direct methods

A

-Better estimate of true exposure
-$$$ and time consuming
-High demand on participants
-not feasible on large scale

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23
Q

tradeoffs of indirect methods

A

-poorer estimate of true exposure
-less $$$ and less time consuming
-little to no participant demand
-applicable to large pop

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24
Q

indirect exposure assessment

A

Area measurements
Questionnaires
Models

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25
Q

Biomarkers

A

Measure pollutant of metabolite in biological material (exhaled breath, urine, blood, teeth, hair)
-est dose and includes multiple routes of exposure
-can be intrusive and interpretation can be difficult

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26
Q

Epidemiology

A

study of the distribution and determinants of disease in humans

27
Q

Randomized control trials

A

Randomly allocate participants to an intervention or control group

28
Q

Cross-sectional

A

Assess exposure and outcome at a single point in time

29
Q

Cohort Study

A

Identify participants who do not have the disease of interest, and observe them over time to assess new cases of the disease

30
Q

Case-control

A

Identify participants based on disease (outcome), then determine who previously had the exposure

31
Q

Effect estimates

A

Measures of association (relative risk & odds ratio)

32
Q

Toxin

A

A compound of natural origin that exerts notable adverse effects on biological systems

33
Q

Toxicant

A

A synthetic compound that exerts notable adverse effects on biological systems

34
Q

ADME

A

four basic steps that a toxicant goes through when it enters the body: absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion

35
Q

What does it mean when we say that a toxicant has “a threshold”?

A

This means there is a range of exposures/doses at which the health effect(s) do not occur

36
Q

Why is the presence or absence of a threshold so important?

A

thresholds imply that health risks can be eliminated without entirely eliminating the pollutant/chemical/product

37
Q

What is a supralinear relationship?

A

a change in exposure/dose at the low end of the exposure/dose distribution causes a larger change in the health outcome than an equivalent change in exposure at the high end of the distribution

38
Q

Lethal Dose 50

A

The amount (dose) of a chemical which produces death in 50% of a population of test animals to which it is administered

39
Q

No observed adverse effect level (NOAEL)

A

The highest dose at which the adverse effect is not observed

40
Q

Lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL)

A

The lowest dose at which the adverse effect is observed

41
Q

(PoD) point of departure

A

The dose at which “bad things start to happen

42
Q

Reference dose

A

acceptable levels of exposure to chemicals/pollutants, before bad things start to happen (cliff example)

43
Q

Hazard

A

something capable of causing an adverse effect

44
Q

Risk

A

probability that thehazardwill cause an adverse effect under specificexposureconditions

45
Q

Risk assessment

A

the process by whichhazard,exposure, andriskare determined

46
Q

What are the steps of risk assessment?

A

1.Problem formulation
2.Hazard identification
3.Dose-response assessment
4.Exposure assessment
5.Risk characterization

47
Q

Risk management

A

the process of weighing policy alternatives and selecting the most appropriate regulatory action based on the results ofrisk assessmentand social, economic, and political concerns

48
Q

What does it mean for an agent (chemical, product, activity, etc.) to be designated as IARC group 1?

A

A substance is defined as a ‘known human carcinogen’

49
Q

Perceived risk

A

An intuitive judgment about the nature and magnitude of a health risk

50
Q

List some of the key pollutants or pollutant categories

A

Particulate matter
Ozone (O3)
Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
Nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO and NO2)
Carbon monoxide (CO)

51
Q

List the major health effects through which ambient air pollution and household air pollution contribute to the global burden of disease

A

52% cardiovascular and circulatory diseases, 12% respiratory and other infections; ambient air pollution contributes to a huge burden on cardiovascular health

52
Q

Carbon Monoxide

A

Colorless, odorless, tasteless gas produced by combustion (gas stoves, space heaters)

53
Q

Radon

A

Colorless, odorless, radioactive gas (uranium in soil breaks down to form radon)

54
Q

Describe some of the reasons that pesticides are used.

A

Designed to kill living things
Pesticides are hazardous substances intentionally added to our environment.
** they kill off hosts that are responsible vetors of spreading disease

55
Q

Organochlorine Insecticides

A

-Low volatility, chemically stable, slow degradation
-more stable and degrade more slowly in the environment
-persistent in environment

56
Q

DDT

A

-A Organochlorine Insecticide
-Persistent in enviroment n humans (2.5 yrs of half-life in soil)
-Acute effects:Irritability, dizziness
-Chronic effects:Endocrine disruptor, reproductive effects,carinogenic

57
Q

Rachel Carson

A

published the ‘Silent Spring’ on the environmental effects of DDT and as a result was banned > cause millions of Africans to die from malaria as DDT was one of the most effective insecticide against malarial mosquitoes

58
Q

Organophosphorus (OP) Insecticides

A

-Responsible for the majority of pesticide poisonings and deaths
-less persistent in the environment but also more acutely toxic in humans

59
Q

Sarin

A

A particularly toxic organophosphorus compound
that is much more potent

60
Q

Carbamate Insecticides

A

-Less acutely toxic than OPs and less poisonings

61
Q

Pyrethroid Insecticides

A

Synthetic versions of naturally occurring chemicals pyrethrins
-Less acutely toxic than OP pesticides

62
Q

Identify the primary route of pesticide exposure for non-occupationally exposed populations (i.e., the general public).

A

Residue on food - conventional food may contain more synthetic pesticide residues

63
Q

What are the 3 pesticide exposures?

A

-dietary ingestion
-dermal
-inhalation

64
Q

Spray/pesticide drift

A

A potentially important source of exposure for communities close to agricultural activity

HSCI 204 (3 decks)

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