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Physiology 2 > Week 8 > Flashcards

Week 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Modality

A

Quality of incoming sensory information
- Classical: Vision, Hearing, Taste, Touch, Smell
- Other: Flutter-vib, Cold/warm, Pain, Proprio, linear/rotational acceleration

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2
Q

Receptors & Adaption

A
  • Phasic (rapidly adapting)
  • Tonic (slowly adapting)
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3
Q

1st order sensory neuron

A

Pseudounipolar Neuron

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4
Q

Sensory neuron pathway

A

1) Pseudounipolar neuron to DRG
2) Interneuron (relay nucleus)
3) Thalamus
4) Cortex

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5
Q

Olfactory neuron pathway

A
  • Bipolar neuron
  • Bypasses Thalamus
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6
Q

Dermatome

A

Skin innervation according to spinal segmentation

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7
Q

Tonotopy

A

Spatial arrangement of different frequency sounds

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8
Q

Retinotopy

A

Mapping of visual input

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9
Q

Somatotopy

A

Point-for-point correspondence of an area of the body to a specific point of Cortex

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10
Q

Receptive Field

A

1st order neurons have smaller receptive field than second order since it receives info from multiple neurons
(Higher order = Larger receptive field)

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11
Q

Rapidly adapting receptors

A

1) Meissner’s Corpuscles
2) Pacinian Corpuscles

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12
Q

Slowly adapting receptors

A

1) Merkel’s disk
2) Ruffini endings

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13
Q

Fibers that carry proprioceptive info

A

Aa & AB

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14
Q

Types of interneuron inhibition

A
  • Feed-forward inhibition
  • Feedback inhibition
  • Descending inhibition
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15
Q

Somatosensory Cortex

A
  • Postcentral gyrus
  • Broadman 3,1,2
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16
Q

Brodmann 3a

A

Muscle spindles (proprioception)

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17
Q

Brodmann 3b

A

Merkel & Meissner
RA1 & SA1

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18
Q

Brodmann 1

A

Pacinian & Meissner
RA1 & RA2

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19
Q

Brodmann 2

A

Complex touch & Proprioception

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20
Q

Unimodal association areas

A
  • Posterior Parietal Cortex
  • Info from different sensory organs converge here
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21
Q

Multimodal association cortices

A
  • Cingulate
  • Parahippocampal
  • Temporal
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22
Q

How brodmann 2 senses motion

A
  • Proximal to Distal
  • Ulnar <-> radial
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23
Q

Piezo-2 Channel

A
  • Cation channels open on mechanical stimulation
  • 9x4 TM domains
  • Merkel cell & Free nerve endings
    (& baroreceptors)
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24
Q

Warm receptors

A
  • Active above 30/32°C & below 45°C
  • Free nerve endings
  • Type C fibers (unmyelinated)
  • Anterolateral system
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25
Cold receptors
- Baseline 34°C - Free nerve endings - Aδ fibers - Paradoxical cold sensation over 45°C
26
Alpha waves specs
- Rhythmic - 8 - 13 Hz - 20 - 200 μV (EEG)
27
Alpha wave facts
- Mostly Occipital lobe - Relaxed awake rhythm with eyes closed - Upon mental activity, replaced by Beta - Disappears during deep sleep
28
Beta wave specs
- Irregular - 14 - 30 Hz - <25 μV (EEG)
29
Beta wave facts
- Mostly Temporal & Frontal lobes - Mental activity / excitement
30
Gamma waves
- 30 - 300 Hz - Short term memory matching
31
Theta waves specs
- Rhythmic - 4 - 7 Hz
32
Theta waves facts
- Drowsy / Sleep (early phases) - Disappointment & frustration in Adults - In awake children, parietal & temporal regions
33
Delta waves specs
- Slow - 0.5 - 4 Hz
34
Delta wave facts
- Normal deep sleep rhythm - If present in awake = Tumor - Voltage often 2-4 times larger - Thalamic separation induces it
35
EEG wave origin
- EPSP / IPSP generate field potentials which determine EEG waves - APs do not contribute, too short & fast & asynchronous
36
Magnoencephalography VS Electroencephalography
- EEG detects perpendicular dipoles from Gyri - MEG detects horizontal dipoles from Sulci
37
What is used for Magnoencephalography (MEG)
SQUID Superconducting quantum interference device
38
Epilepsy classification
1) Partial 2) Generalized
39
Partial epilepsy classification
Only pat of the brain shows abnormal activity - Partial simple seizures (conscious) - Partial complex seizures (unconscious)
40
Generalized epilepsy classification
Large regions of the brain involved, Consciousness is Lost - Grand Mal: Tonic/Clonic m contraction on both sides of body - Petit Mal: Brief loss of consciousness
41
Partial simple seizure EXAMPLE
Jacksonian March - Motor cortex origin - Contralateral contractions - Consciousness retained
42
Partial complex seizure EXAMPLE
Psychomotor Epilepsy - Limbic structures of Temporal - Amnesia, abnormal rage, sudden anxiety or fear
43
Petit mal seizure EXAMPLE
Absence Epilepsy - 3 - 30 seconds of unconsciousness - Twitching may occur (eyes)
44
How much of lifetime is spent in sleep?
1/3
45
How long is it possible to stay awake voluntarily?
3 days 4th day onwards major hallucinations
46
Circadian rhythm
- ~ 25 hours - Normally by light-dark cycle - Melanopsin in retina detects light (484nm: blue)
47
Circadian rhythm control
- Retino-hypothalamic tract - Suprachiasmatic Nucleus inhibits SYMP system during day - SYMP (NE) activates Pineal gland (melatonin)
48
Stage 1 sleep
Drowsy Alpha waves to Theta waves
49
Stage 2 sleep
Slow Theta waves with small bursts of activity known as Sleep Spindles (12-14Hz) and K-complexes (large, slow potentials)
50
Stage 3 sleep
Theta waves change to low amplitude Delta waves
51
Stage 4 sleep
Delta waves (0.5-2Hz), deep sleep, autonomic ns drop BP & HR
52
REM sleep
High frequency, low amplitude Few minutes
53
nREM sleep
Stages 1-4 Low frequency, high amplitude 1 to 1.5 hours
54
Ascending Arousal System (AAS)
- Tuberomamillary, Locus Coeruleus, Laterodorsal Tegmental, Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nuclei - Ensures awake state - Tonic firing = awake - Lesion leads to coma
55
Ventrolateral Preoptic Nucleus (VLPO)
- Lateral hypothalamic area - GABA & Galanin - Inhibit AAS - Active in sleep - Lesion leads to insomnia
56
Orexin (Hypocretin) Neurons
- Lateral hypothalamic area - Orexin stabilizes AAS - Deficiency leads to Narcolepsy
57
Aa conduction speed
72 - 120 m/s
58
AB conduction speed
36 - 72 m/s
59
A delta conduction speed
4 - 36 m/s
60
C conduction speed
0.4 - 2.0 m/s

Physiology 2 (7 decks)

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