WEEK 8 Flashcards
What do you call heart failure with a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) equal to or less than 40%?
Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction
What do you call heart failure with a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) between 41 and 49%?
Heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction
What do you call heart failure with a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) greater than or equal to 50%?
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
There are … types of heart failure
3
T or F
Approximately 50 percent of people will
be dead within five years if they have untreated heart failure.
T
T or F
People with atrial fibrillation will often go on to develop heart failure
T
T or F
Infection cannot cause heart failure
F
Viral myocarditis
T or F
Anthracycles can cause heart failure
T
What are the 4 goals of treatment for heart failure?
- Lengthen life
- Improve symptoms and quality of life
- Reduce hospitalisations
- Reverse disease progression
Four typical symptoms a patient may describe when they develop heart failure are:
- Fatigue
- Breathlessness when exercising
- Orthopnoea
- Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea (PND)
What is an objective sign that heart failure may be present?
Jugular venous pressure (JVP)
What are some symptoms of heart failure that are less specific but can also be present?
Ankle oedema
Low blood pressure
Tachycardia
High serum creatinine
High Serum urea
Low serum sodium
How is the diagnosis of VTE usually made?
Simplified Well and Geneva scores (predicts the likelihood of VTE based of patient factors), D-dimer testing, imaging/ultrasound, Ventilation perfusion scintigraphy (PE), CT pulmonary angiography (PE)
What are some strong risk for venous thrombosis?
Orthopaedic surgery
Multiple trauma
Major vascular surgery
Major surgery
Surgery >30 minutes
Coagulation abnormalities
Mechanical approaches to preventing VT include:
Compression stockings, intermittent pneumatic compression and foot pumps
What drugs are used for the prophylaxis of venous thrombosis in hospitalised patients?
- Heparin (unfractionated)
- Low molecular weight heparin (fractionated)
- Factor Xa inhibitors
- Direct thrombin inhibitors
What medications are usually used in non-surgical patients for the prophylaxis of VT whilst hospitalised?
enoxaparin or heparin
Rivaroxaban and apixaban can only be used for the prophylaxis or treatment of VT in which circumstances?
After hip or knee replacement or for prophylaxis of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation.
