WEEK 8

Question 1

What do you call heart failure with a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) equal to or less than 40%?

Answer 1

Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction

Question 2

What do you call heart failure with a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) between 41 and 49%?

Answer 2

Heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction

Question 3

What do you call heart failure with a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) greater than or equal to 50%?

Answer 3

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction

Question 4

There are … types of heart failure

Answer 4

3

Question 5

T or F
Approximately 50 percent of people will
be dead within five years if they have untreated heart failure.

Answer 5

T

Question 6

T or F
People with atrial fibrillation will often go on to develop heart failure

Answer 6

T

Question 7

T or F
Infection cannot cause heart failure

Answer 7

F
Viral myocarditis

Question 8

T or F
Anthracycles can cause heart failure

Answer 8

T

Question 9

What are the 4 goals of treatment for heart failure?

Answer 9

• Lengthen life
• Improve symptoms and quality of life
• Reduce hospitalisations
• Reverse disease progression

Question 10

Four typical symptoms a patient may describe when they develop heart failure are:

Answer 10

• Fatigue
• Breathlessness when exercising
• Orthopnoea
• Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea (PND)

Question 11

What is an objective sign that heart failure may be present?

Answer 11

Jugular venous pressure (JVP)

Question 12

What are some symptoms of heart failure that are less specific but can also be present?

Answer 12

Ankle oedema
Low blood pressure
Tachycardia
High serum creatinine
High Serum urea
Low serum sodium

Question 13

How is the diagnosis of VTE usually made?

Answer 13

Simplified Well and Geneva scores (predicts the likelihood of VTE based of patient factors), D-dimer testing, imaging/ultrasound, Ventilation perfusion scintigraphy (PE), CT pulmonary angiography (PE)

Question 14

What are some strong risk for venous thrombosis?

Answer 14

Orthopaedic surgery
Multiple trauma
Major vascular surgery
Major surgery
Surgery >30 minutes
Coagulation abnormalities

Question 15

Mechanical approaches to preventing VT include:

Answer 15

Compression stockings, intermittent pneumatic compression and foot pumps

Question 16

What drugs are used for the prophylaxis of venous thrombosis in hospitalised patients?

Answer 16

• Heparin (unfractionated)
• Low molecular weight heparin (fractionated)
• Factor Xa inhibitors
• Direct thrombin inhibitors

Question 17

What medications are usually used in non-surgical patients for the prophylaxis of VT whilst hospitalised?

Answer 17

enoxaparin or heparin

Question 18

Rivaroxaban and apixaban can only be used for the prophylaxis or treatment of VT in which circumstances?

Answer 18

After hip or knee replacement or for prophylaxis of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation.