Week 6 Flashcards
T or F
Heart rates change with day-to-day activities
T
T or F
Heart rates vary between genders
T
A heart rate between … and … beats per minute is considered normal
60
100
A heart rate over … beats per minute is considered tachycardic
100
A heart rate under … beats per minute is considered bradycardic
60
If an ECG reads broad QRS complexes with no visible P waves this is called a…
Wide complex
Wide complexes are of … origin
ventricular
If an ECG reads narrow complexes that are preceded by normal P waves this is called a…
narrow complex
Narrow complexes are of … origin
sinus, atrial or junctional origin.
T or F
P waves are either absent or present on an ECG.
T
What would absent P waves on an ECG indicate?
sinus arrest, atrial fibrillation
Gradual slowing during the vagal manoeuvre that resumes on cessation is indicative of…
Sinus tachycardia
Gradual slowing during the vagal manoeuvre that doesn’t resume on cessation is indicative of…
Atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter
(Considering the cardiac axis)
In a healthy heart the net movement of electrical activity during depolarisation if upwards/downwards and slightly right/left
downwards
left
What would a patient who has left ventricular hypertrophy’s cardiac axis look like in comparison to a normal one?
A deviation to the left
What would a patient who has right ventricular hypertrophy’s cardiac axis look like in comparison to a normal one?
A deviation to the right
(Regarding the cardiac axis)
The QRS axis is considered normal when it is between … and … degrees
-30
+90
(Regarding the cardiac axis) Left axis deviation is between … and … degrees
-30
-90
(Regarding the cardiac axis) Right axis deviation is between … and … degrees
+90
180
(Regarding the cardiac axis) A north west/ extreme axis is between … and … degrees
180
-90
(Regarding the cardiac axis)
During the Quadrant method if lead 1 and the aVF lead both produce a positive QRS complex the axis is in between the two leads meaning it is considered …
normal
(Regarding the cardiac axis)
During the Quadrant method if lead 1 produces a negative QRS complex and aVF lead produces a positive QRS complex. This means the axis runs away from lead 1 but toward aVf meaning it is classified as …
right axis deviation
(Regarding the cardiac axis)
During the Quadrant method if lead 1 produces a positive QRS complex and the aVF lead produces a negative QRS complex then this would be classified as …
Possible left axis deviation (could be normal but heading towards left axis deviation also)
(Regarding the cardiac axis using the Quadrant method)
Negative values of the QRS complex in both leads (1 and aVF) is indicative of …
extreme axis deviation
T or F
An isoelectric lead is one that has one deflection much larger than another
F
equal or positive deflections
The isoelectric lead method involves finding the location of the isoelectric lead. The cardiac axis will run … to the direction of the isoelectric lead.
perpendicular
(Once locating the perpendicular line using the isoelectric lead method)
If the QRS complex of the lead closest to the perpendicular line is positive/negative, that is the direction of the lead. If the nearest QRS complex is positive/negative then the line runs in the opposite direction.
positive
negative
The cardiac axis refers to the general direction in which the heart …
depolarises
In which order do the following terms appear in the featured sentence?
Bundle of HIS
Sinoatrial node
Purkinje fibres
Atrioventricular node
Each wave of depolarisation begins at the …, then spreads to the …, before travelling to the … and the … to complete an electrical cardiac cycle.
Sinoatrial node
Atrioventricular node
Bundle of HIS
Purkinje fibres
When viewing the heart from the front, imagine a clock face. In the case of a normal cardiac conduction pathway, the wave of electrical activity travels from … o’clock to … o’clock.
11
5
What are some anatomical factors that can influence ones cardiac axis?
- The heart’s anatomical position in the thoracic cavity (dextrocardia), or abnormal thoracic anatomy
- Abnormal diaphragm position (pregnancy and obesity, among others)
What are some pathological factors that can influences someone’s cardiac axis?
Conduction abnormalities
Prior myocardial infarction
Pulmonary embolism
Hypertrophy
Ischaemia
T or F
All haemostatic processes happen simultaneously when forming a blood clot.
T
T or F
Primary haemostasis may involve constriction (narrowing) of the damaged blood vessel
Primary haemostasis is also called…
platelet clotting
Secondary haemostasis is also called…
coagulation cascade
T or F
Platelet plugs are permanent solutions to bleeding
F
temporary
